Transferibilidade de locos SSR de Astrocaryum aculeatum Mart. para Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de testar a transferibilidade de locos SSR de Astrocaryum aculeatum para a espécie Astrocaryum vulgare. Para isso, foram aplicados doze locos desenvolvidos para A. aculeatum em seis amostras de DNA obtidas de matrizes de A. vulgare de diferentes procedências. As reações de amplificação foram conduzidas de acordo com o protocolo desenvolvido por Ramos (2012), com pequenas adaptações. Os produtos amplificados foram aplicados em gel de agarose ultra pura a 1,5%, corado com brometo de etídio e submetido à eletroforese horizontal por 1:30 horas. Os perfis dos géis foram fotodocumentados e as imagens armazenadas digitalmente. A transferibilidade dos locos foi avaliada com base na amplificação de produtos e na sua nitidez. Dos doze locos testados, seis apresentaram amplificação satisfatória (visualização do produto), perfazendo uma taxa de transferibilidade de 50%, sugerindo que as espécies possuam alto grau de parentesco. Em todos os locos amplificados não foi detectada a presença de produtos secundários, sendo, portanto, úteis para acessar o genoma de A. vulgare

Pengaruh Wirausaha Terhadap Kelangsungan Usaha Restoran di Kota Kepanjen Kabupaten Malang

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah variabel Innovator, berani mengambil resiko, visi dan misi, prestasi, locos of control, secara bersama sama berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan usaha restoran. – untuk mengetahui apakah variabel Innovator, berani mengambil resiko, visi dan misi, prestasi, locos of control, secara bersama sama berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan usaha restoran. – Untuk mengetahui dari kelima variabel Innovator, berani mengambil resiko, visi dan misi, prestasi, locos of control, secara bersama sama berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan usaha restoran. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pengusaha restoran yang ada di kota Malang, jumlah sample 54 pengusaha restoran. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian eksplanarotis (explanaroty research) yaitu jenis penelitian yang berupaya menjelaskan pengaruh antara variabel-variabel melalui pengujian hipotesis. Variabel bebas terdiri dari a. Innovator, b. Berani mengambil resiko, c. Visi dan misi, d. Prestasi, e. Locos of control, dan variabel terikat adalah Kelangsungan usaha. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik kuesioner, wawancara, yang terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara kuantitatif menggunakan model statistik dalam program komputer versi SPSS 15.0 for windows, dengan teknik analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linier berganda.Hasilpenelitian dapat disimpulankan bahwa dari lima variabel yang diteliti, variabel inovator (innovators), Berani mengambil resiko (dare to take risks), visi dan misi (vission and mission), prestasi (performance) dan Locos of Control berpengaruh positif secara parsial terhadap kelangsungan usaha restoran di Kota Kepanjen. Dari lima variabel yang diteliti, variabel inovator (innovators), Berani mengambil resiko (dare to take risks), visi dan misi (vission and mission), prestasi (performance) dan Locos of Control semua variabel tersebut berpengaruh positif secara simultan terhadap kelangsungan usaha restoran di Kota Kepanjen. Variabel yang paling mendominasi dalam kelangsungan usaha restoran di Kota Kepanjen adalah variabel inovator. Kata kunci: Innovator, Berani mengambil resiko, Visi dan misi, Prestasi, Locos of control dan Kelangsungan Usaha

Custom transistor layout design techniques for random telegraph signal noise reduction in CMOS image sensors

Interface and near oxide traps in small gate area MOS transistors (gate area ,1 mm2) lead to RTS noise which implies the emergence of noisy pixels in CMOS image sensors. To reduce this noise, two simple and efficient layout techniques of custom transistors have been imagined. These techniques have been successfully implemented in an image sensor test chip fabricated in a 0.35 mm CMOS image sensor process. Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction of the noisy pixels for the two different techniques

Multi-silicon ridge nanofabrication by repeated edge lithography

We present a multi-Si nanoridge fabrication scheme and its application in nanoimprint\ud lithography (NIL). Triple Si nanoridges approximately 120 nm high and 40 nm wide separated\ud by 40 nm spacing are fabricated and successfully applied as a stamp in nanoimprint lithography.\ud The fabrication scheme, using a full-wet etching procedure in combination with repeated edge\ud lithography, consists of hot H3PO4 acid SiNx retraction etching, 20% KOH Si etching, 50% HF\ud SiNx retraction etching and LOCal Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS). Si nanoridges with smooth\ud vertical sidewalls are fabricated by using Si 110 substrates and KOH etching. The presented\ud technology utilizes a conventional photolithography technique, and the fabrication of multi-Si\ud nanoridges on a full wafer scale has been demonstrated

The Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Abell 85: The Largest Core Known so far

We have found that the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in Abell~85, Holm 15A, displays the largest core so far known. Its cusp radius, $r_{\gamma} = 4.57 \pm 0.06$ kpc ($4.26^{\prime\prime}\pm 0.06^{\prime\prime}$), is more than 18 times larger than the mean for BCGs, and $\geq1$ kpc larger than A2261-BCG, hitherto the largest-cored BCG (Postman, Lauer, Donahue, et al. 2012) Holm 15A hosts the luminous amorphous radio source 0039-095B and has the optical signature of a LINER. Scaling laws indicate that this core could host a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass $M_{\bullet}\thicksim (10^{9}-10^{11})\,M_{\odot}$. We suggest that cores this large represent a relatively short phase in the evolution of BCGs, whereas the masses of their associated SBMH might be set by initial conditions.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters on October 6th, 2014, replacement of previous manuscript submitted on May 30th, 2014 to astro-p

Transferibilidade de locos SSR de Astrocaryum aculeatum Mart. para Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de testar a transferibilidade de locos SSR de Astrocaryum aculeatum para a espécie Astrocaryum murumuru. Para isso, foram aplicados dez locos desenvolvidos para A. aculeatum em cinco amostras de DNA obtidas de matrizes de A. murumuru de diferentes procedências. As reações de amplificação foram conduzidas de acordo com o protocolo desenvolvido por Ramos et al. (2012), com pequenas adaptações para testar diferentes temperaturas de anelamento, com a finalidade de determinar a temperatura ótima de amplificação em A. murumuru. Os produtos amplificados foram aplicados em gel de agarose a 1,5%, corado com brometo de etídio e submetidos à eletroforese horizontal por 1h 30 min. Os perfis dos géis foram fotodocumentados e as imagens armazenadas digitalmente. A transferibilidade dos locos foi avaliada com base na amplificação de produtos e na sua nitidez. Todos os locos testados apresentaram amplificação satisfatória (visualização do produto), perfazendo uma taxa de transferibilidade de 100%, sugerindo que as espécies possuam alto grau de parentesco e sendo, portanto, úteis para acessar o genoma de A. murumuru

Rail privatisation in Britain - lessons for the rail freight industry

Until 1994, the rail industry in Britain – as in most of Europe – was organised in the form of a single integrated state owned company providing passenger and freight services, and the infrastructure on which they ran, throughout the country. It is true that significant reforms did take place in the 1980s, grouping rail services into a number of sectors (Inter City, London and South East and regional passenger, and trainload, distribution and parcels for freight) with their own objectives, management and accounts (Nash, 1988). Also activities such as hotels and rolling stock manufacture were hived off and privatised. However, by the early 1990s the government was determined to go further and privatise the entire rail network. After much debate about options they determined on a pattern that had come to be seen as the norm for network industries – a regulated monopoly infrastructure provider with competitive operators using it. The infrastructure was placed in the hands of a new infrastructure company, Railtrack, which levied charges to cover its costs and was subsequently privatised. Operations were divided into a number of separate companies and also privatised. However, for a mixture of good and bad reasons they were not willing – at least initially – to leave the question of what passenger services would be provided at what charges up to the market. Thus passenger services were franchised out, with franchise requirements as to minimum levels of service and regulation of some fares. In the case of freight services, the approach of the government had long been that services should be run on commercial principles, with specific subsidies for flows of traffic which would otherwise use road and where this would impose sufficient social costs that the subsidy was justified. This was essentially the approach carried through into privatisation. Thus the policy for freight was to implement complete open access for any licensed train operating company, and to seek to create a number of competing freight operating companies by splitting up and privatising the former freight business of British Rail. This paper will proceed as follows. First, the history of rail freight privatisation in Britain will be charted, sector by sector. It will be seen that there has been relatively little entry into the industry, and the reasons for that will then be explored. The particular issues of the price and availability of track access, and of the availability of government grants will then be discussed. Prospects for the rail freight business in Great Britain are then considered. Finally we draw together some lessons which may be learned for other countries embarking on the privatisation and/or deregulation of rail freight. An appendix presents detailed estimates of trends in rail and road freight in Great Britain

Diversidade genética da soja entre períodos e entre programas de melhoramento no Brasil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar os efeitos do melhoramento sobre a diversidade do germoplasma da soja cultivada nas três ultimas décadas, por meio da comparação de seis programas de melhoramento e períodos de lançamento de cultivares, utilizando locos microssatélites. Em relação aos programas de melhoramento, todos os locos apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas distribuições alélicas. Alguns locos eram compostos de alelos exclusivos em alguns programas de melhoramento, enquanto outros foram compostos sempre dos mesmos alelos em maior freqüência para todos os programas. A AMOVA indicou maior porção da variância devido a cultivares dentro de programas e somente 5,3% (p0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o germoplasma de soja utilizado em programas de melhoramento no Brasil manteve nível constante de diversidade genética nos últimos 30 anos, além de relativa heterogeneidade de determinados programas.Nome correto do quarto autor ARANTES, N. E

Transferibilidade de locos microssatélites de Bactris gasipaes para Astrocaryum vulgare.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a transferibilidade de locos microssatélites desenvolvidos para Bactris gasipaes em Astrocaryum vulgare. Para tanto foram selecionados γ0 genótipos de A. vulgare conservados no banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém, PA. Após a quantificação, as γ0 amostras de DNA foram submetidas à reação PCR utilizando oito locos microssatélies de B. gasipaes, com pequenas adaptações e sob duas temperaturas de anelamentos. Os produtos da amplificação foram analisados em géis de poliacrilamida θ% corados com prata. A transferibilidade dos locos foi avaliada com base na produção ou não de produto amplificado nas amostras de DNA. Sete locos (mBg17, mBgηη, mBgη8, mbgθβ, mBgθθ, mBg77 e mBgλ1) foram amplificados, com boa resolução e sem a presença de produtos secundários, conferindo uma transferibilidade de 87,η% desses locos para A. vulgare. Esses resultados sugerem que as espécies possuam algum grau de parentesco, sendo possível a aplicação dos locos transferíveis de Bactris gasipaes para Astrocaryum vulgare e, portanto sua viabilidade de uso em estudos de genéticos dessa espécie

Cereals of antiquity and early Byzantine times. Wheat and barley in medical sources (second to seventh centuries AD)

The present book aims at a detailed analysis of the evolution of dietetic doctrines and an assessment of the value of medical sources for historians of food. In order to achieve the goal, the authors have analysed select medical sources composed between the 2nd and the 7th centuries AD, i.e., treatises published from the moment of canonizing die- tetic doctrine by Galen up to the composition of the medical encyclopaedia compiled by Paul of Aegina and the publication of the anonymous work entitled De cibis. Within this timeframe, there appeared a number of works which, following the assumptions of the Hippocratic school, contain a cohesive discourse devoted to the role of food in maintaining and restoring human health, thus allowing us to trace the development of diets during the period in question. In order to conduct their research, the authors have selected a food group, namely cereals and cereal products, starting with common and durum wheat (and including in the research hulled wheats, i.e. einkorn, emmer and spelt) and finishing with barley, since all the above-mentioned crops constituted the basis of diet of the majority of peoples inhabiting the Mediterranean.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00