225 research outputs found
Paired opposing leukocyte receptors recognizing rapidly evolving ligands are subject to homogenization of their ligand binding domains
Some leukocyte receptors come in groups of two or more where the partners share ligand(s) but transmit opposite signals. Some of the ligands, such as MHC class I, are fast evolving, raising the problem of how paired opposing receptors manage to change in step with respect to ligand binding properties and at the same time conserve opposite signaling functions. An example is the KLRC (NKG2) family, where opposing variants have been conserved in both rodents and primates. Phylogenetic analyses of the KLRC receptors within and between the two orders show that the opposing partners have been subject to post-speciation gene homogenization restricted mainly to the parts of the genes that encode the ligand binding domains. Concerted evolution similarly restricted is demonstrated also for the KLRI, KLRB (NKR-P1), KLRA (Ly49), and PIR receptor families. We propose the term merohomogenization for this phenomenon and discuss its significance for the evolution of immune receptors
Spartan Daily, May 15, 1947
Volume 35, Issue 136https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/9001/thumbnail.jp
White Owl Warrior
The purpose of White Owl Warrior was to create a female fantasy character that symbolized a unique animal and embodied strong characteristics
Head-Related Transfer Function Interpolation from Spatially Sparse Measurements Using Autoencoder with Source Position Conditioning
We propose a method of head-related transfer function (HRTF) interpolation
from sparsely measured HRTFs using an autoencoder with source position
conditioning. The proposed method is drawn from an analogy between an HRTF
interpolation method based on regularized linear regression (RLR) and an
autoencoder. Through this analogy, we found the key feature of the RLR-based
method that HRTFs are decomposed into source-position-dependent and
source-position-independent factors. On the basis of this finding, we design
the encoder and decoder so that their weights and biases are generated from
source positions. Furthermore, we introduce an aggregation module that reduces
the dependence of latent variables on source position for obtaining a
source-position-independent representation of each subject. Numerical
experiments show that the proposed method can work well for unseen subjects and
achieve an interpolation performance with only one-eighth measurements
comparable to that of the RLR-based method.Comment: Accepted to International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement
(IWAENC) 202
Sustainably tie-ing it up
Each year approximately 12 tons of textile waste goes into the landfill. These textiles can be reclaimed and properly recycled, however 93% of the textile waste is not recovered. The purpose of this design was to contribute to the reduction of textile landfill waste by creating a garment out of gently used and discarded men’s shirts and pants
Malachite Love
The purpose of this design was to create a feminine look inspired by the Malachite Kingfisher bird. The Malachite Kingfisher resides throughout Africa and is identifiable by its bright metallic blue and purple colored feathers against a tan body
Mystique
A significant amount of textile waste goes into the landfill each year. While some textiles can be reclaimed, only a small portion of what can be sorted is reused
Location, location, location: the evolutionary history of CD1 genes and the NKR-P1/ligand systems
This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer Verlag via the DOI in this recordCD1 genes encode cell surface molecules that present lipid antigens to various kinds of T lymphocytes of the immune system. The structures of CD1 genes and molecules are like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I system, the loading of antigen and the tissue distribution for CD1 molecules are like those in the class II system, and phylogenetic analyses place CD1 between class I and class II sequences, altogether leading to the notion that CD1 is a third ancient system of antigen presentation molecules. However, thus far, CD1 genes have only been described in mammals, birds and reptiles, leaving major questions as to their origin and evolution. In this review, we recount a little history of the field so far and then consider what has been learned about the structure and functional attributes of CD1 genes and molecules in marsupials, birds and reptiles. We describe the central conundrum of CD1 evolution, the genomic location of CD1 genes in the MHC and/or MHC paralogous regions in different animals, considering the three models of evolutionary history that have been proposed. We describe the natural killer (NK) receptors NKR-P1 and ligands, also found in different genomic locations for different animals. We discuss the consequence of these three models, one of which includes the repudiation of a guiding principle for the last 20 years, that two rounds of genome-wide duplication at the base of the vertebrates provided the extra MHC genes necessary for the emergence of adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates
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