On potential cognitive abilities in the machine kingdom

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-012-9299-6Animals, including humans, are usually judged on what they could become, rather than what they are. Many physical and cognitive abilities in the ‘animal kingdom’ are only acquired (to a given degree) when the subject reaches a certain stage of development, which can be accelerated or spoilt depending on how the environment, training or education is. The term ‘potential ability’ usually refers to how quick and likely the process of attaining the ability is. In principle, things should not be different for the ‘machine kingdom’. While machines can be characterised by a set of cognitive abilities, and measuring them is already a big challenge, known as ‘universal psychometrics’, a more informative, and yet more challenging, goal would be to also determine the potential cognitive abilities of a machine. In this paper we investigate the notion of potential cognitive ability for machines, focussing especially on universality and intelligence. We consider several machine characterisations (non-interactive and interactive) and give definitions for each case, considering permanent and temporal potentials. From these definitions, we analyse the relation between some potential abilities, we bring out the dependency on the environment distribution and we suggest some ideas about how potential abilities can be measured. Finally, we also analyse the potential of environments at different levels and briefly discuss whether machines should be designed to be intelligent or potentially intelligent.We thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments, which have helped to significantly improve this paper. This work was supported by the MEC-MINECO projects CONSOLIDER-INGENIO CSD2007-00022 and TIN 2010-21062-C02-02, GVA project PROMETEO/2008/051, the COST - European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research IC0801 AT. Finally, we thank three pioneers ahead of their time(s). We thank Ray Solomonoff (1926-2009) and Chris Wallace (1933-2004) for all that they taught us, directly and indirectly. And, in his centenary year, we thank Alan Turing (1912-1954), with whom it perhaps all began.Hernández-Orallo, J.; Dowe, DL. (2013). On potential cognitive abilities in the machine kingdom. Minds and Machines. 23(2):179-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-012-9299-6S179210232Amari, S., Fujita, N., Shinomoto, S. (1992). Four types of learning curves. Neural Computation 4(4), 605–618.Aristotle (Translation, Introduction, and Commentary by Ross, W.D.) (1924). Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Barmpalias, G. & Dowe, D. L. (2012). 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Summarization of Spanish Talk Shows with Siamese Hierarchical Attention Networks

[EN] In this paper, we present an approach to Spanish talk shows summarization. Our approach is based on the use of Siamese Neural Networks on the transcription of the show audios. Specifically, we propose to use Hierarchical Attention Networks to select the most relevant sentences for each speaker about a given topic in the show, in order to summarize his opinion about the topic. We train these networks in a siamese way to determine whether a summary is appropriate or not. Previous evaluation of this approach on summarization task of English newspapers achieved performances similar to other state-of-the-art systems. In the absence of enough transcribed or recognized speech data to train our system for talk show summarization in Spanish, we acquire a large corpus of document-summary pairs from Spanish newspapers and we use it to train our system. We choose this newspapers domain due to its high similarity with the topics addressed in talk shows. A preliminary evaluation of our summarization system on Spanish TV programs shows the adequacy of the proposal.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish MINECO and FEDER founds under project AMIC (TIN2017-85854-C4-2-R). Work of Jose-Angel Gonzalez is financed by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia under grant PAID-01-17.González-Barba, JÁ.; Hurtado Oliver, LF.; Segarra Soriano, E.; García-Granada, F.; Sanchís Arnal, E. (2019). Summarization of Spanish Talk Shows with Siamese Hierarchical Attention Networks. Applied Sciences. 9(18):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183836S113918Carbonell, J., & Goldstein, J. (1998). The use of MMR, diversity-based reranking for reordering documents and producing summaries. Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval - SIGIR ’98. doi:10.1145/290941.291025Erkan, G., & Radev, D. R. (2004). LexRank: Graph-based Lexical Centrality as Salience in Text Summarization. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 22, 457-479. doi:10.1613/jair.1523Lloret, E., & Palomar, M. (2011). Text summarisation in progress: a literature review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 37(1), 1-41. doi:10.1007/s10462-011-9216-zSee, A., Liu, P. J., & Manning, C. D. (2017). Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networks. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). doi:10.18653/v1/p17-1099Narayan, S., Cohen, S. B., & Lapata, M. (2018). Ranking Sentences for Extractive Summarization with Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). doi:10.18653/v1/n18-1158González, J.-Á., Segarra, E., García-Granada, F., Sanchis, E., & Hurtado, L.-F. (2019). Siamese hierarchical attention networks for extractive summarization. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 36(5), 4599-4607. doi:10.3233/jifs-179011Furui, S., Kikuchi, T., Shinnaka, Y., & Hori, C. (2004). Speech-to-Text and Speech-to-Speech Summarization of Spontaneous Speech. IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, 12(4), 401-408. doi:10.1109/tsa.2004.828699Shih-Hung Liu, Kuan-Yu Chen, Chen, B., Hsin-Min Wang, Hsu-Chun Yen, & Wen-Lian Hsu. (2015). Combining Relevance Language Modeling and Clarity Measure for Extractive Speech Summarization. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 23(6), 957-969. doi:10.1109/taslp.2015.2414820Yang, Z., Yang, D., Dyer, C., He, X., Smola, A., & Hovy, E. (2016). Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. doi:10.18653/v1/n16-1174Conneau, A., Kiela, D., Schwenk, H., Barrault, L., & Bordes, A. (2017). Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. doi:10.18653/v1/d17-1070Deerwester, S., Dumais, S. T., Furnas, G. W., Landauer, T. K., & Harshman, R. (1990). Indexing by latent semantic analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41(6), 391-407. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199009)41:63.0.co;2-

Identifying and classifying attributes of packaging for customer satisfaction-A Kano Model Approach

[EN] The packaging industry in India is predicted to grow at 18% annually. In recent years Packaging becomes a potential marketing tool. The marketer should design the packaging of high quality from customer perspective.  As the research in the area of packaging is very few, study of quality attributes of Packaging is the need of the hour and inevitable. An empirical research was conducted by applying Kano Model. The researcher is interested to find out the perception of the customers on 22 quality attributes of packaging. 500 respondents which were selected randomly were asked about their experience of packing on everyday commodities through a well-structured questionnaire.  The classification of attribute as must-be quality, one-dimensional quality, attractive quality, indifferent quality and reverse quality was done by three methods. Marketer should make a note of it and prioritise the attributes for customer satisfaction.Dash, SK. (2021). Identifying and classifying attributes of packaging for customer satisfaction-A Kano Model Approach. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 9(1):57-64. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2021.13683OJS576491Bakhitar, A.,Hannan, A., Basit, A., Ahmad, J.(2015). Prioritization of value based services of software by using AHP and fuzzy KANO model. International Conference on Computational and Social Sciences, 8, 25- 27.Basfirinci, C., Mitra, A. (2015). A cross cultural investigation of airlines service quality through integration of Servqual and the Kano model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42(1), 239-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.11.005Berger, C., Blauth, R., Boger, D., Bolster, C., Burchill, G., DuMouchel, W., Pouliot, F., Richter, R., Rubinoff, A., Shen, D., Timko, M., Walden, D. (1993). Kano's methods for understanding customer-defined quality. The Center for Quality of Management Journal, 2(4), 2-36.Brown, G.H. (1950). 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The Motivation to Work. John Wiley and Sons.Hoch, S.J., Ha, Y.W. (1986). Consumer learning: advertising and the ambiguity of product experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 221-33.https://doi.org/10.1086/209062Johnson, M.D., Nilsson, L. (2003). The Importance of Reliability and Customization from Goods to Services. Quality Management Journal, 10(1), 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2003.11919049Kano, N., Seraku, N., Takahashi, F., Tsuji, S. (1984). Attractive Quality and Must-Be Quality. Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control, 41, 39-48.Kapalle, P.K, Lehmann, D.R. (1995). The effects of advertised and observed quality on expectations about new product quality. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(8), 280-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379503200304Lee, M.C., Newcomb, J.F. (1997). Applying the Kano methodology to meet customer requirements: NASA's microgravity science program. 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Journal of Political Economy, 78, 311-29. https://doi.org/10.1086/259630Nilsson-Witell, L, Fundin, A. (2005). Dynamics of service attributes: a test of Kano's theory of attractive quality. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 16(2), 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230510592289Parasuraman, A. (1997). Reflections on gaining competitive advantage through customer value. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 25(2), 154-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894351Parasuraman, A., Colby, C.L. (2001). Techno-Ready Marketing. Free Press.Qiting, P., Uno, N., Kubota, Y. (2013). Kano Model Analysis of Customer Needs and Satisfaction at the Shanghai Disneyland. In Proceedings of the 5th Intl Congress of the Intl Association of Societies of Design Research, Tokyo, Japan. http://design-cu.jp/iasdr2013/papers/1835-1b.pdf Accessed on January 2021.Sauerwein, E., Bailom, F., Matzler, K., Hinterhuber, H.H. (1996). The Kano Model: How to delight your Customers. Volume I of the IX. International Working Seminar on Production Economics, Innsbruck/Igls/Austria, February 19-23 1996, pp. 313-327. https://is.muni. cz/el/econ/podzim2009/MPH_MAR2/um/9899067/THE_KANO_MODEL_-_HOW_TO_DELIGHT_YOUR_CUSTOMERS.pdfShewhart, W.A. (1931). Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.Underwood, R.L., Klein, N.M. (2002). Packaging as Brand Communication: Effects of Product Pictures on Consumer Responses to the Package and Brand. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 10(4), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2002.11501926Underwood, R.L. Klein, N.M., Burke, R.R. (2001). Packaging communication: attentional effects of product imagery. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(7), 403-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420110410531Watson, G.H. (2003), "Customer focus and competitiveness", in Stephens, K.S. (Ed.), Six Sigma and Related Studies in the Quality Disciplines, ASQ Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI.Williams, D. (2020). The future of the packaging industry in India. Packaging Gateway. https://packaging-gateway.com/features/futurepackaging-industry-in-india Accessed on January 2021.Williams,H., Wikström,F., Löfgren.M. (2008). A life cycle perspective on environmental effects of customer focused packaging development." Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(7), 853-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.05.006Woodruff, R.B. (1997). Customer value: the next source for competitive advantage. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 25(2), 139- 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02894350Zeithaml, V.A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52, 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429880520030

Structure of symmetry group of some composite links and some applications

[EN] In this paper, we study the symmetry group of a type of composite topological links, such as 22m#22 . We have done a complete analysis on the elements of the symmetric group of this link and show the structure of the group. The results can be generalized to the study of the symmetry group of any composite topological link, and therefore it can be used for the classification of composite topological links, which can also be potentially used to identify synthetics molecules. Liu, Y. (2020). Structure of symmetry group of some composite links and some applications. Applied General Topology. 21(2):171-176. https://doi.org/10.4995/agt.2020.10129OJS171176212S. Akbulut and H. King, All knots are algebraic, Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 56, no. 1 (1981), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02566217J. C. Álvarez Paiva and A. C. Thompson, Volumes on normed and Finsler spaces, Riemann-Finsler Geometry, MSRI Publications 49 (2004), 1-46.M. F. Atiyah, The geometry and physics of knots, Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623868A. Bernig, Valuations with crofton formula and finsler geometry, Advances in Mathematics 210, no. 2 (2007), 733-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2006.07.009J. H. Conway, An enumeration of knots and links, and some of their algebraic properties, in: Computational Problems in Abstract Algebra (Proc. Conf., Oxford, 1967), pages 329-358, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-012975-4.50034-5P. R. Cromwel, Knots and links, Cambridge University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809767I. K. Darcy, Biological distances on dna knots and links: applications to xer recombination, Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications 10, no. 2 (2001), 269-294. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218216501000846D. S. Dummit and R. M. Foote, Abstract algebra, volume 1999, Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991.M. H. Freedman, R. E. Gompf, S. Morrison and K. Walker, Man and machine thinking about the smooth 4-dimensional Poincaré conjecture, Quantum Topology 1, no. 2 (2010), 171-208. https://doi.org/10.4171/QT/5M.-L. Ge and Ch. N. Yang, Braid group, knot theory and statistical mechanics, World Scientific, 1989.D. Gorenstein, R. Lyons and R. Solomon, The classification of finite simple groups, volume 1, Plenum Press New York, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3685-3_1L. H. Kauffman, Knots and physics, volume 53, World scientific, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1142/8338X.-S. Lin, Z. Wang, et al., Integral geometry of plane curves and knot invariants, J. Differential Geom. 44, no. 1 (1996), 74-95. https://doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1214458740Y. Liu, Ropelength under linking operation and enzyme action, General Mathematics 16, no. 1 (2008), 55-58.Y. Liu, On the range of cosine transform of distributions for torus-invariant complex Minkowski spaces, Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences 39, no. 2 (2010), 733-753.Y. Liu, On the explicit formula of Holmes-Thompson areas in integral geometry, preprint.M. W. Scheeler, D. Kleckner, D. Proment, G. L Kindlmann and W. T. M. Irvine, Helicity conservation by flow across scales in reconnecting vortex links and knots, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 43 (2014), 15350-15355. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407232111A. Stasiak, V. Katritch and L. H. Kauffman, Ideal Knots, Series on Knots and Everything, Vol. 19, World Scientific, Singapore, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1142/3843D. W. Sumners, Untangling Dna, The Mathematical Intelligencer 12, no. 3 (1990), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03024022D. W. Sumners, The knot theory of molecules, Journal of mathematical chemistry 1, no. 1 (1987), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205335S. A. Wasserman, J. M. Dungan and N. R. Cozzarelli, Discovery of a predicted DNA knot substantiates a model for site-specific recombination, Science 229, no. 4709 (1985), 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.299004

Design and Analysis of a Task-based Parallelization over a Runtime System of an Explicit Finite-Volume CFD Code with Adaptive Time Stepping

FLUSEPA (Registered trademark in France No. 134009261) is an advanced simulation tool which performs a large panel of aerodynamic studies. It is the unstructured finite-volume solver developed by Airbus Safran Launchers company to calculate compressible, multidimensional, unsteady, viscous and reactive flows around bodies in relative motion. The time integration in FLUSEPA is done using an explicit temporal adaptive method. The current production version of the code is based on MPI and OpenMP. This implementation leads to important synchronizations that must be reduced. To tackle this problem, we present the study of a task-based parallelization of the aerodynamic solver of FLUSEPA using the runtime system StarPU and combining up to three levels of parallelism. We validate our solution by the simulation (using a finite-volume mesh with 80 million cells) of a take-off blast wave propagation for Ariane 5 launcher.Comment: Accepted manuscript of a paper in Journal of Computational Scienc

Analysis of the Flow in a Typified USBR II Stilling Basin through a Numerical and Physical Modeling Approach

[EN] Adaptation of stilling basins to higher discharges than those considered for their design implies deep knowledge of the flow developed in these structures. To this end, the hydraulic jump occurring in a typified United States Bureau of Reclamation Type II (USBR II) stilling basin was analyzed using a numerical and experimental modeling approach. A reduced-scale physical model to conduct an experimental campaign was built and a numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was prepared to carry out the corresponding simulations. Both models were able to successfully reproduce the case study in terms of hydraulic jump shape, velocity profiles, and pressure distributions. The analysis revealed not only similarities to the flow in classical hydraulic jumps but also the influence of the energy dissipation devices existing in the stilling basin, all in good agreement with bibliographical information, despite some slight differences. Furthermore, the void fraction distribution was analyzed, showing satisfactory performance of the physical model, although the numerical approach presented some limitations to adequately represent the flow aeration mechanisms, which are discussed herein. Overall, the presented modeling approach can be considered as a useful tool to address the analysis of free surface flows occurring in stilling basins.This research was funded by 'Generalitat Valenciana predoctoral grants (Grant number [2015/7521])', in collaboration with the European Social Funds and by the research project: 'La aireacion del flujo y su implementacion en prototipo para la mejora de la disipacion de energia de la lamina vertiente por resalto hidraulico en distintos tipos de presas' (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy.Macián Pérez, JF.; García-Bartual, R.; Huber, B.; Bayón, A.; Vallés-Morán, FJ. (2020). Analysis of the Flow in a Typified USBR II Stilling Basin through a Numerical and Physical Modeling Approach. Water. 12(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010227S120121Bayon, A., Valero, D., García-Bartual, R., Vallés-Morán, F. ​José, & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2016). Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump. Environmental Modelling & Software, 80, 322-335. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.018Chanson, H. (2008). Turbulent air–water flows in hydraulic structures: dynamic similarity and scale effects. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 9(2), 125-142. doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9078-3Heller, V. (2011). Scale effects in physical hydraulic engineering models. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(3), 293-306. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.578914Chanson, H. (2013). Hydraulics of aerated flows:qui pro quo? Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(3), 223-243. doi:10.1080/00221686.2013.795917Blocken, B., & Gualtieri, C. (2012). Ten iterative steps for model development and evaluation applied to Computational Fluid Dynamics for Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Environmental Modelling & Software, 33, 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.001Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2015). Experimental Study of Turbulent Fluctuations in Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 141(7), 04015010. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001010Valero, D., Viti, N., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 1: Experimental Data for Modelling Performance Assessment. Water, 11(1), 36. doi:10.3390/w11010036Viti, N., Valero, D., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 2: Recent Results and Future Outlook. Water, 11(1), 28. doi:10.3390/w11010028Bayon-Barrachina, A., & Lopez-Jimenez, P. A. (2015). Numerical analysis of hydraulic jumps using OpenFOAM. 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