African-Americans, Ebonics and the Struggle for Cultural Identity

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021.University of BialystokBAILEY G., BAUGH J., MUFWENE S. S., RICKFORD J. R., (ed.) (1998) African-American English. Structure, history and use. London and New York; Routledge.BAUGH J. (2000) Beyond Ebonics. Linguistie Pride and Racial Prejudice. Oxford; Oxford University Press.CRAN W., MACNEIL R. (2005) Do You Speak American? New York; Nan A. Talese Doubleday.DILLARD J. L. (1977) Lexicon of Black English. New York; The Seabury Press.DUBOIS W. E. B. (1999) The Souls of Black Folk (in:) Three Negro Classics. New York; Avon Books.ELLISON R. (2003) The Collected Essays. New York: The Modem Library.HALE-BENSON J. E. (1986) Black Children: Their Roots, Culture, and Learning Styles. Baltimore; The John Hopkins University Press.KRAMSCH, C. (1998) Language and Culture. Oxford; Oxford University Press.RICKFORD J. R. and RICKFORD R. J. (2000) Spoken Soul. The Story of Black English. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ROSE T. (1994) Black Noise. Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Middletown; Wesleyan University Press.SCHUYLER G. S. (1999) Black No More. New York; The Modern Library.SMITHERMAN G. (1977) Talkin and Testifyin. The Language of Black America. Detroit; Wayne State University Press.TATE G., (ed.) (2003) Everything But the Burden. New York; Harlem Moon Broadway Books.TATUM B.D. (1997) Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? New York; Basic Books.WASHINGTON J. M. (ed.) (1992) Writings and Speeches that Changed the World. Martin Luther King, Jr. New York; HarperSanFrancisco.41342

Gaul, conversation and youth genre(s) in Java

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Speech is My Hammer, It\u27s Time to Build: Hip Hop, Cultural Semiosis and the Africana Intellectual Heritage

The article examines Hip Hop music\u27s relationship with African cultural symbolism and the discipline of Africana Studies. The author maintains that Africana Studies must reclaim the study of cultural semiosis, which may be used to contextualize Hip Hop praxis. Examining semeiotic traces within African and Afrodiasporic primary sources, including Hip Hop lyrics, the article posits that Hip Hop is the latest development in a long tradition of Afro-Kemetic oral artistry, semeiotic systems and the uses of these dual literacies as modes of resistance and affirmations of Black historical and cultural agency. The article adapts Harryette Mullen\u27s literary model of African Spirit Writing and Elaine Richardson\u27s Hip Hop Literacy studies to discuss specific constructs that affirm an African Diasporic worldview and foster resistance to the dominant political-economy that frames Black agency

The Dirty Third: Contributions of Southern Hip Hop to the Study of Regional Variation Within African American English

While there is well documented evidence of certain supra-regional features in African American English (AAE) phonology and morphosyntax (for example, see Labov 1972; Rickford 1999; Baugh 2000; Green 2002), recent trends in the study of linguistic variation suggest that the homogeneity of the variety has been largely overstated (Mallinson & Wolfram 2002; Friedland 2003; Wolfram 2003). For the most part, contemporary AAE influences on mainstream language have originated from varieties spoken in the northeast and on the west coast which have evolved independently of one another over the past forty years, and which vary in significant ways from southern AAE; however, the most popular linguistic styles of rap music and hip hop culture have shifted over the years as artists from various regions (the West Coast, the Midwest, and the South) have put their particular speech communities on the map in the Black Public Sphere. We argue here that as southern American rappers have become more dominant in the popular music scene, like East and West coast rappers before them, they have had a significant impact on the AAE spoken by hip hop’s insiders, and they have also influenced the language of mainstream speakers as well. This paper builds on Smitherman’s insights on Hip Hop Linguistics (2006) even as it explores a more recent sociolinguistic phenomenon: the imminent emergence of southern AAE forms in the music and lyrics of the most popular rap artists of this decade and the attendant influence that these forms might have on AAE in general. Preliminary findings suggest that the linguistic effects of southern rap on AAE (and to a lesser extent, mainstream varieties) are not only evident in the lexicon (which could be dismissed simply as fleeting slang), but also in the phonology of the variety, providing us with a more complete understanding of contemporary AAE and the ways in which the variety continues to develop

Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLP

We survey 146 papers analyzing "bias" in NLP systems, finding that their motivations are often vague, inconsistent, and lacking in normative reasoning, despite the fact that analyzing "bias" is an inherently normative process. We further find that these papers' proposed quantitative techniques for measuring or mitigating "bias" are poorly matched to their motivations and do not engage with the relevant literature outside of NLP. Based on these findings, we describe the beginnings of a path forward by proposing three recommendations that should guide work analyzing "bias" in NLP systems. These recommendations rest on a greater recognition of the relationships between language and social hierarchies, encouraging researchers and practitioners to articulate their conceptualizations of "bias"---i.e., what kinds of system behaviors are harmful, in what ways, to whom, and why, as well as the normative reasoning underlying these statements---and to center work around the lived experiences of members of communities affected by NLP systems, while interrogating and reimagining the power relations between technologists and such communities