Trick or Heat? Manipulating Critical Temperature-Based Control Systems Using Rectification Attacks

Temperature sensing and control systems are widely used in the closed-loop control of critical processes such as maintaining the thermal stability of patients, or in alarm systems for detecting temperature-related hazards. However, the security of these systems has yet to be completely explored, leaving potential attack surfaces that can be exploited to take control over critical systems. In this paper we investigate the reliability of temperature-based control systems from a security and safety perspective. We show how unexpected consequences and safety risks can be induced by physical-level attacks on analog temperature sensing components. For instance, we demonstrate that an adversary could remotely manipulate the temperature sensor measurements of an infant incubator to cause potential safety issues, without tampering with the victim system or triggering automatic temperature alarms. This attack exploits the unintended rectification effect that can be induced in operational and instrumentation amplifiers to control the sensor output, tricking the internal control loop of the victim system to heat up or cool down. Furthermore, we show how the exploit of this hardware-level vulnerability could affect different classes of analog sensors that share similar signal conditioning processes. Our experimental results indicate that conventional defenses commonly deployed in these systems are not sufficient to mitigate the threat, so we propose a prototype design of a low-cost anomaly detector for critical applications to ensure the integrity of temperature sensor signals.Comment: Accepted at the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 201

Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Cold Chain Transportation Using IoT Technology

There are approximately 88 million tonnes of food waste generated annually in the EU alone. Food spoilage during distribution accounts for some of this waste. To minimise this spoilage, it is of utmost importance to maintain the cold chain during the transportation of perishable foods such as meats, fruits, and vegetables. However, these products are often unfortunately wasted in large quantities when unpredictable failures occur in the refrigeration units of transport vehicles. This work proposes a real-time IoT anomaly detection system to detect equipment failures and provide decision support options to warehouse staff and delivery drivers, thus reducing potential food wastage. We developed a bespoke Internet of Things (IoT) solution for real-time product monitoring and alerting during cold chain transportation, which is based on the Digital Matter Eagle cellular data logger and two temperature probes. A visual dashboard was developed to allow logistics staff to perform monitoring, and business-defined temperature thresholds were used to develop a text and email decision support system, notifying relevant staff members if anomalies were detected. The IoT anomaly detection system was deployed with Musgrave Marketplace, Ireland’s largest grocery distributor, in three of their delivery vans operating in the greater Belfast area. Results show that the LTE-M cellular IoT system is power efficient and avoids sending false alerts due to the novel alerting system which was developed based on trip detection

A comparison of processing techniques for producing prototype injection moulding inserts.

This project involves the investigation of processing techniques for producing low-cost moulding inserts used in the particulate injection moulding (PIM) process. Prototype moulds were made from both additive and subtractive processes as well as a combination of the two. The general motivation for this was to reduce the entry cost of users when considering PIM. PIM cavity inserts were first made by conventional machining from a polymer block using the pocket NC desktop mill. PIM cavity inserts were also made by fused filament deposition modelling using the Tiertime UP plus 3D printer. The injection moulding trials manifested in surface finish and part removal defects. The feedstock was a titanium metal blend which is brittle in comparison to commodity polymers. That in combination with the mesoscale features, small cross-sections and complex geometries were considered the main problems. For both processing methods, fixes were identified and made to test the theory. These consisted of a blended approach that saw a combination of both the additive and subtractive processes being used. The parts produced from the three processing methods are investigated and their respective merits and issues are discussed

Applications of AI and IoT for Advancing Date Palm Cultivation in Saudi Arabia

Date palm cultivation is an essential part of Saudi Arabia’s economy. However, it faces several challenges: water scarcity, improper farm management, pests and diseases, inadequate farming practices, processing and marketing, and labor shortages. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can help enrich crop management, enable predictive analytics, increase efficiency, and promote sustainability in date palm cultivation. Recently, interest in this sector has begun by applying the latest precision engineering technologies integrated with AI and IoT techniques to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the applications of AI and IoT-based technologies, such as sensors, ML algorithms, and data analytics, and their potential benefits and challenges in supporting date palm cultivation in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the applications of AI and IoT in smart precision irrigation, smart systems, cold storage management, pest infestation prediction, and date fruit quality optimization. In addition, the potential economic and environmental benefits of using AI and IoT in date palm cultivation in Saudi Arabia and the challenges that need to be addressed to realize these benefits fully. The chapter provides insight into the latest developments and future directions for AI and IoT in date palm cultivation, providing valuable information for researchers and policymakers

Strategy for value addition in dairy industry

LAUREA MAGISTRALENella quarta rivoluzione industriale, la maggior parte delle operazioni si sta spostando verso lo spazio digitale. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di esaminare come Internet of Things (IoT) evolverà l'industria casearia. latteria l'industria è l'unica industria alimentare competitiva con limiti di controlli della massima qualità, variabile domanda e offerta, diverse esigenze del cliente in diverse forme di prodotti lattiero-caseari. Aumentare nella popolazione aumenta la necessità di prodotti lattieri di buona qualità. Per fornire l'intero domanda, la produttività delle aziende agricole dovrebbe essere migliorata aumentando l'allattamento di un mucca individuale e i rifiuti lungo l'intera catena di approvvigionamento devono essere ridotti al minimo. Questo studio risponde come i progressi dell'automazione e della tecnologia dell'informazione aumenteranno la qualità, la produttività del latte nelle aziende agricole e il modo in cui tali progressi faranno raggiungere un'industria vantaggio competitivo e quali sono i cambiamenti da seguire per raggiungerlo. Vantaggi e bisogni dell'IoT nelle aziende agricole, nella catena di approvvigionamento a monte, nell'industria di trasformazione del latte e la catena di approvvigionamento a valle è completamente analizzata e sono stati fatti ulteriori studi migliorare l'efficienza del pastorizzatore in cui due prodotti possono essere lavorati con uno pastorizzatore.In the fourth industrial revolution, most operations are moving to the digital space. The aim of this thesis is to examine how Internet of Things (IoT) will evolve the dairy industry. Dairy industry is the only competitive food industry with highest quality control limits, variable demand and supply, different customer needs in different forms of milk products. Increase in population increases the need for milk products with good quality. To supply the entire demand, the productivity of the farms should be improved by increasing lactation of an individual cow, and the waste across the entire supply chain must be minimised. This study answers how advances in automation and information technology will increase the quality and productivity of milk in farms, how these advancements will make an industry achieve competitive advantage and what are the changes to be followed to achieve it. Benefits and needs of IoT in farms, upstream supply chain, milk processing industry and downstream supply chain is completely analysed, and further study has been made to improve the pasteurizer efficiency in which two products can be processed with one pasteurizer

Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda

Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the research and development challenges to create a smart world are enormous.Aworld where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent. The European Commission while recognizing the potential of Converging Sciences and Technologies Converging Sciences and Technologies to advance the Lisbon Agenda, proposes a bottom-up approach to prioritize the setting of a particular goal for convergence of science and technology research; meet challenges and opportunities for research and governance and allow for integration of technological potential as well as recognition of limits, European needs, economic opportunities, and scientific interests.JRC.G.6 - Digital Citizen Securit

Reducing risk in pre-production investigations through undergraduate engineering projects.

This poster is the culmination of final year Bachelor of Engineering Technology (B.Eng.Tech) student projects in 2017 and 2018. The B.Eng.Tech is a level seven qualification that aligns with the Sydney accord for a three-year engineering degree and hence is internationally benchmarked. The enabling mechanism of these projects is the industry connectivity that creates real-world projects and highlights the benefits of the investigation of process at the technologist level. The methodologies we use are basic and transparent, with enough depth of technical knowledge to ensure the industry partners gain from the collaboration process. The process we use minimizes the disconnect between the student and the industry supervisor while maintaining the academic freedom of the student and the commercial sensitivities of the supervisor. The general motivation for this approach is the reduction of the entry cost of the industry to enable consideration of new technologies and thereby reducing risk to core business and shareholder profits. The poster presents several images and interpretive dialogue to explain the positive and negative aspects of the student process

Sistema de baixo custo para monitoramento e alerta remoto da temperatura de medicamentos termolábeis, com base em tecnologia Edge Computing, BLE e IoT

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Elétrica, 2022.Considerando que a saúde é um dos grandes pilares da sociedade, conjuntura reforçada pelas tragédias e a grande sequência de perdas decorrentes da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), objetiva-se desenvolver uma solução de baixo custo para facilitar o monitoramento remoto de itens termolábeis (sensíveis às variações de temperatura), evitando que recursos valiosos sejam perdidos em decorrência do desdobramento de eventos adversos. Para tanto, procede-se à pesquisa e fusão de tecnologias robustas para conceber um equipamento confiável e com melhor custo vs benefício, desenvolvendo a integração e formação da arquitetura adequada para o ambiente em questão, implementando um sistema inteligente que perceba a situação adversa e envie uma notificação ao WhatsApp do responsável, a qualquer hora do dia. Para isso, foi utilizado um microprocessador ESP-32 como concentrador e processador de dados e um termômetro Bluetooth Low Energy alimentado a bateria, com intuito de simplificar a fixação no interior dos refrigeradores sem a necessidade de fios. Desse modo, observa-se que o sistema concebido neste trabalho, atende satisfatoriamente ao pressuposto, evidenciado através de testes em laboratório, em campo e estudos estatísticos, o que permite concluir que se trata de uma solução atraente e promissora, direcionada a ajudar a cadeia do frio e o manuseio de itens termolábeis, em especial as vacinas. Principalmente por ser um sistema de alerta remoto, simples e de baixo custo, utilizando tecnologias emergentes.Considering that health is one of the great pillars of society, a situation reinforced by tragedies and the large sequence of losses resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, the objective is to develop a low-cost solution to facilitate monitoring. of thermolabile items (sensitive to temperature variations), preventing valuable resources from being lost as a result of the unfolding of adverse events. Therefore, research and fusion of robust technologies is carried out to design reliable equipment with better cost vs benefit, developing the integration and formation of the appropriate architecture for the environment in question, implementing an intelligent system that perceives the adverse situation and sends a notification to the person responsible’s WhatsApp, at any time of the day. For this, an ESP-32 microprocessor was used as a data concentrator and processor and a battery-powered Bluetooth Low Energy thermometer, in order to simplify the installation inside the refrigerators without the need for wires. In this way, it is observed that the system conceived in this work satisfactorily meets the assumption, evidenced through laboratory and field tests and statistical studies, which allows us to conclude that it is an attractive and promising solution, aimed at helping the supply chain. from the cold and the handling of thermolabile items, especially vaccines. Mainly because it is a simple and low-cost remote alert system, using emerging technologies

Energy consideration when integrating Blockchain with IoT for anti-counterfeit

Blockchain technology has been growing in popularity after Bitcoin, the first protocol has demonstrated a strong use case of the technology in Finance. Over the years, as the technology develops more and more, other use cases for the technology which basically relies on a distributed ledger database system have been explored in areas like supply chain and Internet of Things, to help in some of the bottleneck which IoT faces, some of the challenges are security, privacy, scalability, etc. This thesis work will consider energy consumption when integrating IoT with the Blockchain for anti-counterfeit purposes. Because there is little public academic information about the integration of Blockchain with IoT, it is very difficult to ascertain quantitatively, the energy requirement in application areas like anti-counterfeit. This thesis work has to qualitatively, rely on projects whitepapers and application documentation when comparing the energy requirement in the integration of Blockchain and IoT used for counterfeit solutions by different projects. Both private and public (open-sourced) projects were considered and resulted in two broad classifications ‘integration by brands using a unique identifier (RFID and NFC)’ and ‘integration throughout a product lifecycle’. Energy need for each project(s) in a class is considered based on the IoT hardware used and the Blockchain generation and consensus which also seems to have an impact on the implementation cost and complexity of the project