Farklı Taşıma Modlarının Çatışmadan Kaçınma Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Different modes of transportation are often used in our daily lives. Therefore, how safe these modes are commonly researched by researchers. Many models and methods are developed to avoidcollision with the development of technology. This development is aimed to improving the safety of life and property. The technological developments also aim to reduce the minimum level of the humanerror. Technological devices developed to prevent collision are applied in systematic way according to type of transportation mode. When comparatively examined, it is similar to each other technology used indifferent modes. In this respect, proposed model and methods are similar in general. These approaches are generally based on position of vehicles relative to each other and also rules have been developed taking into consideration the possibilities that may occur. Real-time sensors used toavoid collision in vehicles reduce risk of collision and provide significantachievements on behalf of avoiding collision. Besides this, it has beenconsidered important a communication network between vehicles. As a result, the importance of the technological devices developed to ensure collision avoidance is increasing in our life. Thus, the study aims to explain and compare the methods, models and techniques used in the different transportation modes so as to avoid collision.Keywords: Collision avoidance, Transportation mode, Autonomoussystems, Artificial intelligenceGünlük hayatımızda farklı ulaşım modları sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple bu modların ne kadar güvenli olduğu sıklıkla araştırılmaktadır. Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte çatışmadan kaçınma amacıyla birçok model ve metot geliştirilmektedir. Bu gelişmeler can ve mal güvenliği arttırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Teknolojik uygulamaların amacı insan hatasını en az seviyeye indirmektir. Çatışmayı önlemek için geliştirilen teknolojik donanımlar önem sırasına göre farklı ulaşım yollarında sistematik bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı olarak incelendiğinde ise farklı ulaşım modlarında kullanılan teknolojiler birbirlerine benzemektedir. Bu bakımdan, önerilen model ve metotlar birbirine benzer niteliktedir. Genel olarak bu hesaplamalarda ulaşım araçlarının birbirlerine göre konumları baz alınmış, oluşabilecek ihtimaller göz önüne alınarak kurallar geliştirilmiştir. Ulaşım araçlarında çatışmayı önlemek için kullanılan gerçekzamanlı sensörler riski azaltarak, çatışmadan kaçınma adına önemli ölçüde başarılar sağlamaktadır. Bunun yanında araçlar arası bir iletişim ağı ile doğrudan haberleşmeye de önem verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çatışmadan kaçınmayı sağlamak için geliştirilen teknolojik donanımların hayatımızdaki önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Buradan hareketle, bu araştırmada günümüz teknolojileri ile farklı ulaşım modlarındaki çatışmadan kaçınma amacıyla kullanılan metotlar, teknikler ve yöntemlerin açıklanması ve karşılaştırılması hedeflenmektedir.Anahtar sözcükler: Çatışmadan kaçınma, Ulaşım modları, Otonom sistemler, Yapay zek

High Confidence Networked Control for Next Generation Air Transportation Systems

This paper addresses the design of a secure and fault-tolerant air transportation system in the presence of attempts to disrupt the system through the satellite-based navigation system. Adversarial aircraft are assumed to transmit incorrect position and intent information, potentially leading to violations of separation requirements among aircraft. We propose a framework for the identification of adversaries and malicious aircraft, and then for air traffic control in the presence of such deliberately erroneous data. The framework consists of three mechanisms that allow each aircraft to detect attacks and to resolve conflicts: fault detection and defense techniques to improve Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertial navigation, detection and defense techniques using the Doppler/received signal strength, and a fault-tolerant control algorithm. A Kalman filter is used to fuse high frequency inertial sensor information with low frequency GPS data. To verify aircraft position through GPS/inertial navigation, we propose a technique for aircraft localization utilizing the Doppler effect and received signal strength from neighboring aircraft. The control algorithm is designed to minimize flight times while meeting safety constraints. Additional separation is introduced to compensate for the uncertainty of surveillance information in the presence of adversaries. We evaluate the effect of air traffic surveillance attacks on system performance through simulations. The results show that the proposed mechanism robustly detects and corrects faults generated by the injection of malicious data. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm continuously adapts operations in order to mitigate the effects these faults. The ability of the proposed approaches to defend against attacks enables reliable air traffic operations even in highly adversarial surveillance conditions.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (CNS-931843)United States. Office of Naval Research. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (Grant N0014-08-0696)United States. Office of Naval Research. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (Grant N00014-09-1-1051)United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-12-1-0609)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (Grant FA9550-10-1-0567

Multiple security domain nondeducibility air traffic surveillance systems

Traditional security models partition the security universe into two distinct and completely separate worlds: high and low level. However, this partition is absolute and complete. The partition of security domains into high and low is too simplistic for more complex cyber-physical systems (CPS). Absolute divisions are conceptually clean, but they do not reflect the real world. Security partitions often overlap, frequently provide for the high level to have complete access to the low level, and are more complex than an impervious wall. The traditional models that handle situations where the security domains are complex or the threat space is ill defined are limited to mutually exclusive worlds. These models are limited to accepting commands from a single source in a system but the CPS accepts commands from multiple sources. This paper utilizes Multiple Security Domain Nondeducibility (MSDND) as a model to determine information flow among multiple partitions, such as those that occur in a CPS. MSDND is applied to selected aspects of Traffic Collision and Avoidance System (TCAS) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) air traffic surveillance systems under various physical and cyber security vulnerabilities to determine when the actual operational state can, and cannot be, deduced. It is also used to determine what additional information inputs and flight physics are needed to determine the actual operational state. Several failure scenarios violating the integrity of the system are considered with mitigation using invariants --Abstract, page iii