Recent developments in phonology

Corno quase nenhuma outra disciplina lingüística, a fonologia passou por uma evolução turbulenta nas duas últimas décadas. Ao contrário da abordagem cöássica da Gramática Gerativa, que se concentrou na descrição de cadeias de segmentos fonológicos e de suas transformações em virtude de regras fonológicas, a Fonologia Não-linear colocou as relações prosódicas em enunciados em primeiro plano. A sílaba foi redescoberta como unidade prosódica; muitos trabalhos foram dedicados à análise de estruturas silábicas e de relações de sonoridade. Acima da sílaba, o pé a palavra fonológica foram utilizados como unidades prosódicas relevantes para a descrição das estruturas de acento e entonação. Abaixo da sílaba, reabilitou-se a mora já conhecida a partir da Filologia Clássica. No presente artigo, descrevem-se, a partir de exemplos do alemão e de outras línguas, as duas abordagens principais da Fonologia Não-linear, a Fonologia Autosegmental e a Fonologia Métrica. Procura-se mostrar que, com esses modelos, alguns fenômenos prosódico-fonológicos que antes só podiam ser descritos com grandes dificuldades ou eram até mesmo indescritíveis podem ser analisados de maneira adequada e elegante.Wie kaum eine andere linguistische Disziplin hat die Phonologie in den letzten zwei Dekaden eine stürmische Entwicklung durchgemacht. Im Gegensatz zum klassischen Ansatz der Generativen Grammatik, der sich auf die Beschreibung phonologischer Segmentketten und ihrer Veränderungen durch phonologische Regeln. konzentrierte, hat die Nichtlineare Phonologie prosodische Relationen in Äußerungsketten in den Mittelpunkt gestellt. Die Silbe wurde als prosodische Einheit wiederentdeckt; viele Arbeiten widmeten sich der Analyse von Silbenstrukturen und Sonoritärsrelationen. Oberhalb der Silbe wurden der Fuß und das phonologische Wort als relevante prosodische Einheiten zur Beschreibung von Akzent- und Intonationsstrukturen verwendet. Unterhalb der Silbe kam die aus der Klassischen Philologie bekannte Wort zu neuen Ehren. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die beiden Hauptansätze der Nichtlinearen Phonologie, Autosegmentale und Metrische Phonologie, anhand von Beispielen aus dem Deutschen und anderen Sprachen beschrieben. Es wird versucht zu zeigen, des einige vorher nicht oder nur sehr umständlich beschreibbare prosodisch-phonologische Phänomenen ach diesen Ansätzen adäquat und elegant analysierbar sind

Conflict, Resistance and Alliances in a Multi-Governance Setting: Reshaping Realities in the Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Reforms \ud

In this article, we will explore how local politics of policy, in the interaction with governance mechanisms, have produced specific polity outcomes in the irrigation sector of Andhra Pradesh. The water sector of Andhra Pradesh, which has been struggling within inefficiency, poor performance, deterioration, and lack of participation as elsewhere in India, has undergone substantial reforms aiming at Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). Previous research has indicated how reform policy choices were contested and mediated by relevant actors and how this affected the outcome in key areas of irrigation management. This is referred to as the politics of policy. We will look at multi-level governance in a situation where different tiers represent different institutional basis, and argue that the politics of policy at multiple levels of governance can be perceived as a form of support and/or resilience by actors to new governance mechanisms/arrangement

Commonwealth Fisheries Harvest Strategy: Policy and Guidelines

The harvest strategy policy and associated implementation guidelines was developed by the Australian Government in 2007. The aim was to ensure that key commercial fish species are managed for long -- term biological sustainability and economic profitability. It also seeks to provide the fishing industry with a more certain operating environment. The harvest strategy policy provides a framework that allows a strategic, science -- based approach to setting total allowable catch levels in all Commonwealth fisheries on a fishery by fishery basis. The implementation guidelines provide practical advice on how to interpret and apply the harvest strategy policy to Australia's fisheries and contain details of the science behind the fisheries management decisions. After the policy was issued in September 2007, the then minister required the Australian Fisheries Management Authority to implement harvest strategies in all relevant Commonwealth fisheries by January 2008

Mapping Constitutionally Safeguarded Judicial Independence—A Global Survey

De jure judicial independence (JI) is the single most important predictor of de facto JI. In this paper, we describe under what conditions countries are likely to include JI in their constitutions. We describe and analyze both their original choice in this regard as well as change over time using a newly constructed dataset comprised of 100 countries and covering the years between 1950 and 2005. Three results stand out. First, legal origins do have an impact on the likelihood of explicitly anchoring JI in the constitution: countries belonging to the common law tradition are less likely to implement JI in their constitutions (and those with a socialist tradition are more likely to do so). Correspondingly, former British colonies are less likely to address JI explicitly as are states in the Caribbean. Second, religion has a significant impact on whether JI is included in the constitution: societies experiencing a high level of religious fractionalization are not only less likely to anchor JI in their constitutions, but are also less likely to change their constitutions in that direction later on. Finally, Muslim countries are more likely to include mention of JI, whereas Protestant countries are less likely to do so. Third, the distribution of resources within societies has important—and largely unexpected—effects: a higher percentage of family farms, a wider distribution of education, and a higher percentage of urban dwellers are all connected with a lower likelihood of JI being mentioned in the constitution.Judicial Independence, Constitutional Choice, Constitutional ChangeJudicial Independence, Constitutional Choice, Constitutional Change

Options for Regional Decision Making in Metro Atlanta

Who loses if nothing is done? The city of Atlanta, with its central location, mature transit network, excess capacity in utilities, and reasonably aggressive public officials will probably thrive no matter what happens outside the I-285 perimeter. Communities outside the boundaries of the ten-county Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) area will enjoy the temporary fruits of being the next ring of new suburban development. Caught between the Atlanta magnet and the sprawling communities outside the ARC, ARC's suburban communities may bear the worst of the downside effects of the current regional decision-making structure. In the end, though, it is all of North Georgia that loses as congestion, pollution, rising taxes, and reduced quality of life diminish its attractiveness to economic development

Prospects for local co-governance

British local authorities and their partners are increasingly developing new ways of working together with local communities. The nature of this co-working, however, is complex, multi-faceted and little understood. This article argues for greater clarity of thinking on the topic, by analysing this co-working as a form of political co-governance, and drawing attention in particular to issues of scale and democracy. Using evidence from a study of 43 local authority areas, 16 authorities are identified where co-governance is practised, following three main types of approach: service-influencing, service-delivering and parish council developing. It is concluded that strengthening political co-governance is essential for a healthy democracy