External and internal determinants of development

As Rodrik, Subramanian, and Trebbi (2004) point out, factors that affect economic development can be classified using a two-tier approach. Based on a standard production function, inputs such as labor and physical and human capital directly affect per capita income. Much of the empirical cross-country growth literature has focused on these covariates. But the factors themselves are the product of deeper and more fundamental determinants and, thus, are at best proximate factors of economic development. The deeper determinants fall into two broad categories: internal and external. Among the former, institutions and geography have received the most attention, while international trade has been the focus of the latter. The main purpose of this paper is to add an external factor, namely measures of migration, to the existing geography-institutions-trade setup and to evaluate its contribution to the observed differences in per capita income across countries.Emigration and immigration ; International trade ; Economic development ; Developing countries ; Geography

Development of Internal Demand and Bank Lending

The study discusses the unique features of the growth of the Hungarian economy, the weakness and lack of internal demand, and the lending activities of banks in that context. Although recovery from the economic crisis has been ongoing for more than a year in Hungary, growth has been almost exclusively driven by the processing industries producing for (predominantly German) exports, and by net exports on the absorption side of the GDP, while domestic demand has failed to pick up to this date. This specific feature of growth reflects the dual structure of the Hungarian economy: the isolated coexistence of the Hungarian subsidiaries of mostly large multinational corporations tied into the fabric of international commodity and services trade, and of the mostly non-exporting micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises; the rudimentary (or completely missing) supply and services relations between them; and the resulting smaller-than-necessary scope of the positive (economic, technological, and welfare) impacts of large multinational corporations operating in Hungary.economic growth, domestic demand, bank lending

Internal audit department characteristics/activities and audit fees: Some evidence from Hong Kong firms

This study provides preliminary support for the notion that internal audit function assists in reducing external audit effort and fees. Data on internal audit characteristics and activities are obtained from survey respondents of Hong Kong companies and audit fee model data are acquired from their annual reports. The results of this study suggest that the external auditor of firms in Hong Kong rely on the internal audit function and subsequently charge a lower fee. Lower external audit fees are associated with a larger internal audit department and certain activities carried out by the internal audit. Specifically, lower external audit fees are associated with more internal audit effort spent on activities relating to financial statements, systems development and maintenance, operating efficiency and effectiveness, fraud investigations and unlimited access to internal auditors’ working papers. The results of this study suggest that the contribution of the internal audit may substitute for some substantive external auditing processes and lower monitoring costs

Internal Marketing Orientation in Cultural Change Management for Organisation Development

Non-Profit-Organizations of the Third Sector have lately gained an increasing importance both in scientific research and as far as their economical weight is concerned. Adapting the concept of the Balanced Scorecard for those organizations, their particularities need to be determined and based on the findings, the need of changes within and additions to the concept need to be questioned and discussed.Non-Profit-Organisationen, Balanced Scorecard, Controlling, Performance, Measurement

Development of a hydrogen-oxygen internal combustion engine space power system

Hydrogen-oxygen internal combustion engine space power syste

Internal Auditor Participation in Systems Development Projects

There are differing viewpoints in the internal auditing literature regarding the role of internal audit in systems development projects. One argument is that internal audit should act as consultants for such projects. A counter argument is that if internal auditors act as consultants this could impair in dependence. This study surveyed chief audit executives to determine their perceptions of the role of internal audit in systems development projects as well as the actual involvement of their departments in such projects. The findings show that chief audit executives place more importance on internal audit acting as consultants and less importance on independence in these projects. The results also suggest that internal audit has limited involvement in the different phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle of these projects

Integrated research in constitutive modelling at elevated temperatures, part 1

Topics covered include: numerical integration techniques; thermodynamics and internal state variables; experimental lab development; comparison of models at room temperature; comparison of models at elevated temperature; and integrated software development

Global Philanthropists and European Development Cooperation

This paper outlines general characteristics of global philanthropists and highlights areas for strengthened engagement among European development actors to facilitate a positive contribution of philanthropic actors to global development efforts.Key areas for further European engagement with philanthropists are the promotion of increased transparency in the philanthropic sector and the development of knowledge transfer mechanisms to foster mutual learning and facilitate complementarity among public and private development cooperation actors. In addition, the more prominent role assumed by philanthropic actors in development should provide a stimulus for European donors to reduce fragmentation within their aid systems and enhance internal coordination efforts

A STATE INTERVENTION MODEL IN URBAN REGENERATION: DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNAL COHESION

This work provides an analysis and an optimization model of the spatial impact for the externalities derived from the state interventions in terms of urban regeneration and rehabilitation of degraded and segregated historic areas. From the amount invested and state intervention locations, an impact index is put forward. The spatial distribution of these impact indexes in the interventions' area of influence will be the basis for the analysis; hence, by setting some specific objectives of the decision agent about this distribution homogeneity and with the aim of avoiding inner segregation and facilitate the development and cohesion of the neighborhood as a whole, we propose a model which will allow us to allocate the budget available among the different locations fixed a priori. By means of a comparison between the spatial distributions of impact indexes obtained in both situations, a measure of the intervention process and its impact can be obtained.