Women's Economic Empowerment: Issues Paper

This paper was prepared by the DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET), as an input to the DAC Network on Poverty Reduction's Task Team on Empowerment. It reviews why WEE matters, where donor money is going, specific challenges, suggestions for improving donor practice, and working in partnership for women's economic empowerment

Women's Economic Empowerment Strategy

In this document the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation outlines its strategy and motivation for supporting a focused agenda on women's economic empowerment

Public infrastructure investment and non-market work in India: Selective evidence from time use data.

Theory of allocation of time revealed that historically market-time has never consistently been greater than the non-market time and herefore the allocation and efficiency of latter may be equally important, if not more, to economic growth than that of former. The time budget data challenged the existing theories on allocation of time where nonmarket time aggregates leisure and work at home. The time budget findings revealed that unpaid work at home and leisure are not affected in the same way by changes in socio-economic variables. Tricotomising the allocation of time into work in market, unpaid work at home and leisure has important policy implications; in integrating the care economy into economic modeling and in turn in macropolicy making. This is particularly important in the context of developing countries, where public infrastructure deficit induces locking of time in unpaid work spurting a trade off with the time otherwise spent in the market economy activities or eroding leisure. Against this backdrop,this paper examined the link between public infrastructure investment and time allocation across gender in the context of selected states in India. The direction of regression coefficients suggests that public infrastructure investment affects market work, non-market work and leisure time in different ways with evident gender differentials. The time allocation in SNA activity of women is found significant and inversely related to the public infrastructure related to water supply. But there is no evidence that the release of time locked up in unpaid SNA work through better infrastructure can have substitution effect towards market work. This gets reinforced by the significant positive link between infrastructure and time allocation in Non-SNA activity, which manifests forced leisure. This in turn implies that though infrastructure investment lessens the time stress in unpaid SNA activity; complementary employment policies are required along with infrastructure investment to ensure substitution effect of unpaid work with market work, which in turn can have impact on household poverty. In particular,the analysis of time budget statistics enables the identification of the complementary fiscal services required for better gender sensitive human development. The overall onclusion of the paper is that fiscal policies designed to redress income poverty can be partial if it does not take in to account aspects of time poverty.Infrastructure ; Investment

"From Unpaid to Paid Care Work--The Macroeconomic Implications of HIV and AIDS on Women's Time-tax Burdens"

This paper considers public employment guarantee programs in the context of South Africa as a means to address the nexus of poverty, unemployment, and unpaid work burdens--all factors exacerbated by HIV/AIDS. It further discusses the need for genderinformed public job creation in areas that mitigate the "time-tax" burdens of women, and examines a South African initiative to address social sector service delivery deficits within the government's Expanded Public Works Programme. The authors highlight the need for well-designed employment guarantee programs--specifically, programs centered on community and home-based care--as a potential way to help offset the destabilizing effects of HIV/AIDS and endemic poverty. The paper concludes with results from macroeconomic simulations of such a program, using a social accounting matrix framework, and sets out implications for both participants and policymakers.

Making National Social Protection Floors Work for Women

This brief synthesizes research findings, analysis and policy recommendations on making social protection floors work for women. The idea of a social protection floor (SPF) is now firmly established on the global development agenda. Defined as a set of minimum guarantees, including basic income security for children, working-age adults, older people and people with disabilities, as well as essential health care for all, SPFs hold promise for women, who are over-represented among those excluded from existing social protection schemes. To date, however, the integration of gender concerns in social protection has been uneven and ambiguous, with women's specific risks and constraints not addressed.Drawing on cross-country evidence and experiences, this brief highlights promising ways to make SPFs work for women. Much can be done in terms of integrating gender into the design and implementation of programmes that promote income security across the life cycle, including cash transfers, public works programmes, and pensions. To provide long-term solutions, however, these efforts must be part of a broader package, including policies that enable women to access decent work -- which remains the main source of income for most working-age adults and their families.This brief draws on key findings of UN Women's flagship report "Progress of the World's Women 2015 -- 2016.

"Determining Gender Equity in Fiscal Federalism-- Analytical Issues and Empirical Evidence from India"

Despite the policy realm’s growing recognition of fiscal devolution in gender development, there have been relatively few attempts to translate gender commitments into fiscal commitments. This paper aims to engage in this significant debate, focusing on the plausibility of incorporating gender into financial devolution, with the Thirteenth Finance Commission of India as backdrop. Given the disturbing demographics--the monotonous decline in the juvenile sex ratio, especially in some of the prosperous states of India--there can be no valid objection to using Finance Commission transfers for this purpose. A simple method for accomplishing this could be to introduce some weight in favor of the female population of the states in the Commission’s fiscal devolution formula. The message would be even stronger and more appropriate if the population of girl children only--that is, the number of girls in the 0–6 age cohort--is adopted as the basis for determining the states’ relative shares of the amount to be disbursed by applying the allotted weight. A special dispensation for girls would also be justifiable in a scheme of need-based equalization transfers. While social mores cannot be changed by fiscal fiats, particularly when prejudices run deep, a proactive approach by a high constitutional body like the Finance Commission is called for, especially when the prejudices are blatantly oppressive. Indeed, such action is imperative. The intergovernmental transfer system can and should play a role in upholding the right to life for India’s girl children. That being said, it needs to be mentioned that it is not plausible to incorporate more gender variables in the Finance Commission’s already complex transfer formula. In other words, inclusion of a "gender inequality index" in the formula may not result in the intended results, as the variables included in the index may cancel one another out. Accepting the fact that incorporating gender criteria in fiscal devolution could only be the second-best principle for engendering fiscal policy, the paper argues that newfound policy space for the feminization of local governance, coupled with an engendered fiscal devolution to the third tier, can lead to public expenditure decisions that correspond more closely to the revealed preferences ("voice") of women. With the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments, this policy space is favorable at the local level for conducting gender responsive budgeting.Fiscal Decentralization; Federalism; Fiscal Transfers; Gender

Introduction: what’s new about gender inequalities in the 21st century?

Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? This book documents how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated