Exploring the flaming scenario on youtube within the Malaysian context

One of the major acts of cyber-bullying in today’s Internet era is flaming. Flaming refers to the use of offensive language such as swearing and insulting as well as posting hateful comments through an online medium. In this study, the act of flaming was explored in the context of social media, particularly YouTube. The research aims to understand 'individuals' in posting hateful comments on YouTube and to classify ‘flaming’ comments posted on YouTube videos in Malaysia. The Uses and Gratifications theory (UGT) was used to explain the commenters' satisfaction obtained through the flaming activity and the motivation to flame on the site. The methodology in this study were in-depth interviews and content analysis. Ten flamers were interviewed to understand their motivation to flame on YouTube. As for content analysis, one video was chosen for each top five out of fifteen categories available on YouTube. The categories were entertainment, film and animation, news and politics, comedy and people and blogs, with at least 100,000 views and a minimum of 100 comments and analyzed thematically. It can be concluded that the motivation to flame in Malaysia includes anonymity, norm, aspect of entertainment, being defensive and so on. As for the comments' classifications for content analysis, the results show that the most prominent types of comments found on Malaysian videos are political attack and racial attack. Other subcategories include name calling, insult, criticism, sexual attack, sarcasm, inter-country attack, speculation, defamation, comparison, sexism, religious attack, threaten, homophobic, stereotype, inter-state attack, sedition, defensive and comments that are off-topic. This study contributes to the usage of UGT in a new perspective which is gratification sought through negativity (flaming). This study also contributes practically in the enrichment of the data on flaming for the concerning parties such as Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission and Cyber Security Malaysia

A critical examination of incitement to terrorism laws and speech regulatory practices in the post-9/11-7/7 continuum

PhD ThesisThe preponderance of thinking in UK counterterrorism circles is that speech that incites terrorism (at least online) is not only a contributor to terrorism but it is also a form of terrorism/radicalisation/extremism in and of itself. Thus, there is a perceived need to preemptively suppress such speech. Accordingly, counterterrorism laws and regimes in the post 9/11-7/7 era are marked with a distinct urgency or vigilance that seeks to pre-empt speech that incites terrorism. However, inasmuch as these incitement to terrorism legal and regulatory regimes (e.g., the incitement to terrorism provisions under the Terrorism Act 2000, the Terrorism Act 2006 and the Public Order Act 1986) appear to be stable, they are still marked with traces of indeterminability or undecidability that not only expand law’s exclusionary violence but also makes law self-inadequating. Such traces of undecidability are reflected in the opacity of the law and its overlaps with other criminal laws such as soliciting murder, malicious communications and incitement to racial hatred. Another key trace of undecidability is evident in the arena of online regulation, which seems to flounder in the sense that it struggles to contain the cross-territorial ephemerality and polyphony of online speech. Consequently, this thesis seeks to examine and verify two hypothetical claims, that: 1) speech that incites terrorism cannot be contained because speech is inherently divergent and iterable. In this sense, regulating speech is thus inescapably confusing, mistake-laden (e.g. with false positives online) and inoperable at times; and 2) incitement to terrorism legal provisions and policies as well as the fair balancing principles of human rights law are undecidable and self-inadequating because they are irretrievably troubled by aporetic conceptual operations. In an attempt to destabilise the calculability and stability that pervades much of contemporary thinking on incitement to terrorism regulation enforcement and criminalisation in the UK. These claims are critically unpacked through the concept of hauntology, a deconstructive concept derived from critically engaging with Jacques Derrida’s scholarship on spectres, différance, dissemination, autoimmunity and undecidability. By showing that incitement to terrorism laws and practices bear the deep imprint of a pervasive lack of definitive determinability, this thesis allows for the tentative ethical possibility of reconfiguring what calculable absolutist frames of “incitement to terrorism”, law enforcement, and regulation currently disavow

International Navigation Market

Economic record of human society in the last period has involved an unprecedented growth of world trade, trafficking of basic raw materials needed for industry and agriculture, and trade in industrial products or food. To the huge volume of movement of goods, shipping takes back the role of first order both quantitatively as well as efficiency. This situation is encouraged by factors such as diversification of trade, number of participants in this process and the increasingly complex international trade

International Navigation Market

Economic record of human society in the last period has involved an unprecedented growth of world trade, trafficking of basic raw materials needed for industry and agriculture, and trade in industrial products or food. To the huge volume of movement of goods, shipping takes back the role of first order both quantitatively as well as efficiency. This situation is encouraged by factors such as diversification of trade, number of participants in this process and the increasingly complex international trade