14,408 research outputs found
Insights from Machine-Learned Diet Success Prediction
To support people trying to lose weight and stay healthy, more and more
fitness apps have sprung up including the ability to track both calories intake
and expenditure. Users of such apps are part of a wider ``quantified self''
movement and many opt-in to publicly share their logged data. In this paper, we
use public food diaries of more than 4,000 long-term active MyFitnessPal users
to study the characteristics of a (un-)successful diet. Concretely, we train a
machine learning model to predict repeatedly being over or under self-set daily
calories goals and then look at which features contribute to the model's
prediction. Our findings include both expected results, such as the token
``mcdonalds'' or the category ``dessert'' being indicative for being over the
calories goal, but also less obvious ones such as the difference between pork
and poultry concerning dieting success, or the use of the ``quick added
calories'' functionality being indicative of over-shooting calorie-wise. This
study also hints at the feasibility of using such data for more in-depth data
mining, e.g., looking at the interaction between consumed foods such as mixing
protein- and carbohydrate-rich foods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first systematic study of public food diaries.Comment: Preprint of an article appearing at the Pacific Symposium on
Biocomputing (PSB) 2016 in the Social Media Mining for Public Health
Monitoring and Surveillance trac
Personalised Interventions - A Precision Approach for the Next Generation of Dietary Intervention Studies
Acknowledgments The research of Baukje de Roos is supported by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS). Lorraine Brennan acknowledges The European Research Council ERC (647783). Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Developing an HPV Infection Risk Prediction Model for Adult Females
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly one in four people are currently infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) in the United States. Although most people with HPV never experience symptoms, there is a risk of developing different types of HPV-related cancers after infection. These cancers and other related diseases result in almost $8 billion spent annually for treatment. Currently, all boys and girls ages 11 or 12 years are recommended to receive HPV vaccination. Catch-up vaccines are recommended for males and females through the age of 21 and 26, respectively, if they did not get vaccinated previously. However, the uptake rates among young adult females remain low in the United States.
This research seeks to create a risk prediction model with a focus on adult females that will assist these individuals to estimate the risk of HPV infection based on demographic, sexual behavior, and lifestyle factors. The focus of this thesis is on the impact diet and exercise have on risk of infection. A variety of predictive models were applied to the data collected to determine the best fit. These models include logistic regression, lasso regression, ridge regression, elastic net regression, and the random forest algorithm.
Our results corroborate findings in other studies. Similar factors are recognized as significant such as sexual partners, age at first sexual activity, alcohol use, smoking habits, poverty level, and marital status. This study also found daily nutrition and sedentary activity has a significant role in HPV infection but was not able to show significance of daily exercise due to data constraints
Learning Visual Clothing Style with Heterogeneous Dyadic Co-occurrences
With the rapid proliferation of smart mobile devices, users now take millions
of photos every day. These include large numbers of clothing and accessory
images. We would like to answer questions like `What outfit goes well with this
pair of shoes?' To answer these types of questions, one has to go beyond
learning visual similarity and learn a visual notion of compatibility across
categories. In this paper, we propose a novel learning framework to help answer
these types of questions. The main idea of this framework is to learn a feature
transformation from images of items into a latent space that expresses
compatibility. For the feature transformation, we use a Siamese Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) architecture, where training examples are pairs of items
that are either compatible or incompatible. We model compatibility based on
co-occurrence in large-scale user behavior data; in particular co-purchase data
from Amazon.com. To learn cross-category fit, we introduce a strategic method
to sample training data, where pairs of items are heterogeneous dyads, i.e.,
the two elements of a pair belong to different high-level categories. While
this approach is applicable to a wide variety of settings, we focus on the
representative problem of learning compatible clothing style. Our results
indicate that the proposed framework is capable of learning semantic
information about visual style and is able to generate outfits of clothes, with
items from different categories, that go well together.Comment: ICCV 201
Machine learning for data integration in human gut microbiome
Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota plays critical roles in various human diseases. High-throughput technology has been widely applied to characterize the microbial ecosystems, which led to an explosion of different types of molecular profiling data, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics. For analysis of such data, machine learning algorithms have shown to be useful for identifying key molecular signatures, discovering potential patient stratifications, and particularly for generating models that can accurately predict phenotypes. In this review, we first discuss how dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is linked to human disease development and how potential modulation strategies of the gut microbial ecosystem can be used for disease treatment. In addition, we introduce categories and workflows of different machine learning approaches, and how they can be used to perform integrative analysis of multi-omics data. Finally, we review advances of machine learning in gut microbiome applications and discuss related challenges. Based on this we conclude that machine learning is very well suited for analysis of gut microbiome and that these approaches can be useful for development of gut microbe-targeted therapies, which ultimately can help in achieving personalized and precision medicine
Could Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning and Inclusion of Diet-Gut Microbiome Interactions Improve Disease Risk Prediction? Case Study : Coronary Artery Disease
Funding Information: This research was funded by the Latvian Council of Science within the project Gut microbiome composition and diversity among health and lifestyle induced dietary regimen, project No. lzp-2018/2-0266. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Vilne, Ķibilds, Siksna, Lazda, Valciņa and Krūmiņa.Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the main leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a huge socio-economic burden to the society and health systems. Therefore, timely and precise identification of people at high risk of CAD is urgently required. Most current CAD risk prediction approaches are based on a small number of traditional risk factors (age, sex, diabetes, LDL and HDL cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure) and are incompletely predictive across all patient groups, as CAD is a multi-factorial disease with complex etiology, considered to be driven by both genetic, as well as numerous environmental/lifestyle factors. Diet is one of the modifiable factors for improving lifestyle and disease prevention. However, the current rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD/CAD indicates that the “one-size-fits-all” approach may not be efficient, due to significant variation in inter-individual responses. Recently, the gut microbiome has emerged as a potential and previously under-explored contributor to these variations. Hence, efficient integration of dietary and gut microbiome information alongside with genetic variations and clinical data holds a great promise to improve CAD risk prediction. Nevertheless, the highly complex nature of meals combined with the huge inter-individual variability of the gut microbiome poses several Big Data analytics challenges in modeling diet-gut microbiota interactions and integrating these within CAD risk prediction approaches for the development of personalized decision support systems (DSS). In this regard, the recent re-emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) is opening intriguing perspectives, as these approaches are able to capture large and complex matrices of data, incorporating their interactions and identifying both linear and non-linear relationships. In this Mini-Review, we consider (1) the most used AI/ML approaches and their different use cases for CAD risk prediction (2) modeling of the content, choice and impact of dietary factors on CAD risk; (3) classification of individuals by their gut microbiome composition into CAD cases vs. controls and (4) modeling of the diet-gut microbiome interactions and their impact on CAD risk. Finally, we provide an outlook for putting it all together for improved CAD risk predictions.publishersversionPeer reviewe
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