Insights Into the Feeding Behaviors and Biomechanics of \u3ci\u3eVarroa destructor\u3c/i\u3e Mites on Honey Bee Pupae Using Electropenetrography and Histology

Feeding behaviors and biomechanics of female Varroa destructor mites are revealed from AC-DC electropenetrography (EPG) recordings of mites feeding from Apis mellifera honey bee pupae and histology of mite internal ingestion apparatus. EPG signals characteristic of arthropod suction feeding (ingestion) were identified for mites that fed on pupae during overnight recordings. Ingestion by these mites was confirmed afterwards by observing internally fluorescent microbeads previously injected into their hosts. Micrographs of internal ingestion apparatus illustrate the connection between a gnathosomal tube and a pharyngeal lumen, which is surrounded by alternating dilator and constrictor muscles. Inspection of EPG signals showed the muscularized mite pharyngeal pump operates at a mean repetition rate of 4.5 cycles/s to ingest host fluids. Separate feeding events observed for mites numbered between 23 and 33 over approximately 16 h of recording, with each event lasting ~10 s. Feeding events were each separated by ~2 min. Consecutive feeding events separated by either locomotion or prolonged periods of quiescence were grouped into feeding bouts, which ranged in number from one to six. Statistical analyses of EPG data revealed that feeding events were prolonged for mites having lower pharyngeal pump frequencies, and mites having prolonged feeding events went unfed for significantly more time between feeding events. These results suggest that mites may adjust behaviors to meet limitations of their feeding apparatus to acquire similar amounts of food. Data reported here help to provide a more robust view of Varroa mite feeding than those previously reported and are both reminiscent of, as well as distinct from, some other acarines and fluid-feeding insects

Varroa destructor chez l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera) : impacts sur l’hémolymphe et les infections secondaires

L’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera) est un insecte qui contribue à l’agriculture par sa pollinisation. Le taux élevé des mortalités hivernales des colonies est préoccupant depuis des décennies au Canada. Plusieurs facteurs sont impliqués, particulièrement Varroa destructor; un parasite qui se nourrit du corps gras de l’abeille. Le développement d’outils adaptés permettrait un meilleur suivi des colonies. Le projet consiste à corréler l’infestation de varroa avec les concentrations en sucres sériques et les co-infections (virales et bactériennes). Cette étude compare dans le temps six ruches fortement infestées et six ruches traitées (témoins). Un prélèvement d’hémolymphe a été effectué pour mesurer les concentrations en sucres en utilisant un glucomètre humain préalablement validé. Les concentrations en sucres (glucose et tréhalose) dans l’hémolymphe étaient significativement plus faibles (p<0.001) dans les ruches fortement infestées que les témoins en septembre. L’analyse RT-PCR multiplexe de six virus (DWV A/B, BCQV, KBV, IAPV et ABPV) a démontré que les ruches fortement infestées présentent une infection simultanée virale avec des charges plus élevées que chez les ruches témoins (p<0.05) pour la majorité des virus, sauf pour ABPV. Chez les ruches fortement parasitées, les charges virales pour DWVA et BQCV sont plus élevées en septembre qu’en juillet (p≤0.0001). Serratia marcescens a été seulement détectée dans une ruche infestée et une ruche témoin. Une exposition continue et élevée à varroa occasionne, en automne, une augmentation des charges virales et une diminution des sucres, suggérant une altération de l’immunité, du métabolisme et des réserves. Ces paramètres provoquent une faiblesse et une mortalité des colonies.The European honeybee (Apis mellifera) contributes to the agriculture by its pollination; however, the mean overwintering loss rate of colonies over the last decades in Canada is worrisome. Varroa destructor, which feeds on the fat bodies of honeybees, is considered one of the most important causes of bee colony declines. The development of adapted diagnostic tools would improve the monitoring of honeybee health. This project aims to correlate the infestation by varroa to the hemolymph sugar concentrations (trehalose and glucose) and bacterial and viral coinfections. Six highly infested and six treated hives were compared over time. Pooled hemolymph of honeybees was collected for sugar concentration measurements using a previously validated portable glucometer. The hemolymph samples were also submitted for bacteriology. Multiplex RT-PCR analyses were performed on pooled honeybees for six viruses: Deformed wing virus A and B (DWV-A/B), Bee Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Kashmere Bee Virus (KBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV). The results show that, in September, sugar concentrations in hemolymph were significantly lower in highly infested hives (p<0.001). Infested hives showed markedly higher viral loads (p<0.05), except for ABPV. Viral loads were significantly higher (p≤0.0001) in September than in July for DWV-A and BQCV. Serratia marcescens was only detected in one infested hive and one control. Overall, a continued and severe exposure to varroa leads to increased viral charges and decreased sugar concentrations, suggesting alterations in immunity, metabolism and reserve mobilization. All these parameters contribute to the weakening and mortality of the colonies