Balanced Innovation Management

The Department of Defense has demonstrated success in managing innovation. The military’s approach to innovation management extends beyond traditional distinctions between internal and external innovation modes. Summarizing specific innovation strategies available to managers develops recognition of this growing reality. The article concludes with resulting lessons that can be more widely adopted by managers

7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials, Minerals and Environment 2022 (RAMM 2022) : Direct Extraction of Chitosan from Snail Shells by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (Abstract Book)

Chitosan are biopolymers that have diverse biocompatibility to be used in medicine, agriculture, food and cosmetics applications. However, the processes involved to extract chitosan from natural resources often employs hazardous chemicals and long processing time. This work provides sustainable direct extraction method of chitosan from snail shells. Previous attempt had proven that acetogenin in graviola extracts succeeded in the extraction of chitosan from solid marine shells. However, the slow reaction has prompt the improvement of graviola extract by adding another solution which can act as hydrogen bond acceptor into the graviola extract. Choline chloride is an excellent hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) is mixed with acetogenin as hydrogen bond donor (HBD). This mixture at 2: 1 ratio and 80°C forms a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for the direct extraction of chitosan. Chitosan obtained from this method has a degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 91%, crystallinity index (CI) of 13% and a molecular weight of 236 Da. From the Scanning Electron Microscope images, the chitosan has fiber-like morphology. The direct extraction of chitosan from the combination of choline chloride and acetogenin NADES has proven to extract chitosan with comparable properties to commercial chitosan