Intelligent grading of kaffir lime oil quality using non-linear support vector machine

This paper presents kaffir lime oil quality grading using the intelligent system classification method, a non-linear support vector machine (NSVM). This method classifies the quality kaffir lime oil into two groups: high and low quality, based on their significant chemical compounds. The 90 data of kaffir lime oil were used in this project from high to low quality. The abundance (%) of significant chemical compounds will act as the input and high or low quality as an output. The 90 data will be divided into two sets: training and testing data sets with a ratio of 8:2. The radial basis function (RBF) optimization kernel parameters in NSVM. Using the implementation of MATLAB software version R2020a, all data and analysis work was performed automatically. The results showed that the NSVM model met all performance criteria for 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision

The impact of M-ary rates on various quadrature amplitude modulation detection

The 5G system-based cognitive radio network is promised to meet the requirements of huge data applications with spectrum. However, the M-ary effect on the detection has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, an M-ary of quadrature amplitude modulation detection system is studied. Many rates are used in this study 4, 16, 64, and 256 constellation points. The detection system is applied to cooperative spectrum sensing to enhance the performance of detection for various rates of M-ary with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Further, three kinds of signals based 5G system are sensed: filtered-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC). The best detection performance is obtained when the M-ary=4 and number of SUs=50 user, whereas the worst detection performance is obtained when the M-ary=256 and number of SUs=10 user, as revealed in the simulation results. In addition, the detection performance for the F-OFDM signal is better than that of UFMC and FBMC signals for SNR <0 dB