Inferring multilateral peering

The AS topology incompleteness problem is derived from difficulties in the discovery of p2p links, and is amplified by the increasing popularity of Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) to support peering interconnection. We describe, implement, and validate a method for discovering currently invisible IXP peering links by mining BGP communities used by IXP route servers to implement multilateral peering (MLP), including communities that signal the intent to restrict announcements to a subset of participants at a given IXP. Using route server data juxtaposed with a mapping of BGP community values, we can infer 206K p2p links from 13 large European IXPs, four times more p2p links than what is directly observable in public BGP data. The advantages of the proposed technique are threefold. First, it utilizes existing BGP data sources and does not require the deployment of additional vantage points nor the acquisition of private data. Second, it requires only a few active queries, facilitating repeatability of the measurements. Finally, it offers a new source of data regarding the dense establishment of MLP at IXPs

인터넷 AS-Level 토폴로지: 발견과 분석

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2014. 8. Taekyoung Kwon.The Autonomous System (AS) level topology of the Internet is critical for future protocol design, performance evaluation, simulation and analysis. Despite significant research efforts over the past decade, the AS-level topology of the Internet is far from complete. Worse, recent studies highlight that the incompleteness problem is much larger than previously believed. In this thesis, we highlight the importance of two under utilized AS-level topology data sources: Looking glass (LG) servers and Internet Routing Registries (IRR). By querying Looking glass (LG) servers, we build an AS topology estimate of around 143 K AS links from 245 LG servers across 110 countries. We find 20 K new AS links in the AS topology from the LG servers. We observe 620 neighboring ASes of the LG servers that are not sharing their BGP traces with any of RouteViews [49], RIPE-RIS [65], and PCH [66]. We discover 686 new ASes in the AS topology from the LG servers that are hidden from other AS topologies. Overall, we conclude that collecting BGP traces from the LG servers help increase the narrow view of BGP observed from current BGP collectors [38]. However, the AS topology view from the LG servers suffers from limited vantage points of the LG servers and BGP export policies employed by the neighboring ASes of LG servers. Understanding the benefits and limitations of LG servers, we explore Internet Routing Registries (IRR), which are a set of databases used by ASes to register their inter-domain routing policies. More specifically, we first present a methodology to extract AS-level topology (e.g., bilateral and multilateral peering links) from the IRR. We extract 610 K AS links from the IRR dataset of Nov. 1st, 201368% of which can be matched in BGP, traceroute, and in the cliques of Internet eXchange points (IXPs). We find active usage of the IRR by member ASes of IXPs, which results in inferring peering matrices of many large and small IXPs. Finally, we present a methodology to infer business relationships between ASes using routing polices stored in the IRR. We show that the overall accuracy of our algorithm is comparable (97% for p2c, 95% for p2p links) to the existing algorithms, which infer AS relationships using BGP AS paths. We conclude that the IRR is a strong complementary source for better understandings of the structure, performance, dynamics, and evolution of the Internet since it is actively used by a large number of operational ASes in the Internet.Abstract i Contents iii List of Figures v List of Tables vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Background 6 2.1 Inter-domainRouting ........................ 6 2.2 ImportanceofResearchonAStopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 LookingGlassServers ........................ 13 2.4 InternetRoutingRegistries ..................... 15 2.5 RelatedWork............................. 17 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 ASTopologyderivedfromLGservers ............... 20 3.2 ExploringIRRforAS-levelTopology................ 22 3.2.1 IXPs(IPPrefixes,ASNs,andMembers) . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2.2 Route Servers (ASNs and AS-Set Objects) . . . . . 23 3.2.3 PreprocessingIRRdata ................... 23 3.2.4 Extracting AS Links and Policies from IRR . . . . . . . . 27 3.3 ASRelationshipInference ...................... 30 Chapter 4 Datasets 32 4.1 ASTopologies............................. 32 4.2 ASRelationshipDatasets ...................... 34 Chapter 5 Analysis 36 5.1 ComparisonofBGPfeeders..................... 36 5.2 RegistrationofRoutingPoliciesintheIRR . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.1 Policiesinaut-numObjects................. 39 5.2.2 Number of Local Preference (LocalPref) Values in the IRR 5.3 AnalysisonAS-levelTopology ................... 43 5.3.1 Overlapping and Missing IRR-based AS Links . . . . . . 43 5.3.2 BGP-based AS Links vs. IRR-based AS Links . . . . . . . 48 5.3.3 ASDegreeDistribution ................... 50 Chapter 6 AS Relationship Inference 53 6.1 EvaluationResults .......................... 53 Chapter 7 Summary & Future Work 55 요약 65 Acknowledgements 67Docto

How to Extract BGP Peering Information from the Internet Routing Registry

We describe an on-line service, and its underlying methodology, designed to extract peer-ing information from the Internet Routing Registry. Both the method and the service are based on: a consistency manager for integrating information across different registries, an RPSL analyzer that extracts peering specifications from RPSL objects, and a peering classifier that aims at understanding to what extent such peering specifications actually contribute to fully determine a peering. A peering graph is built with different levels of confidence. We compare the effectiveness of our method with the state of the art. The comparison puts in evidence the quality of the proposed method. 2

Improving the Accuracy of the Internet Cartography

As the global Internet expands to satisfy the demands of the ever-increasing connected population, profound changes are occurring in its interconnection structure. The pervasive growth of IXPs and CDNs, two initially independent but synergistic infrastructure sectors, have contributed to the gradual flattening of the Internet’s inter-domain hierarchy with primary routing paths shifting from backbone networks to peripheral peering links. At the same time the IPv6 deployment has taken off due to the depletion of unallocated IPv4 addresses. These fundamental changes in Internet dynamics has obvious implications for network engineering and operations, which can be benefited by accurate topology maps to understand the properties of this critical infrastructure. This thesis presents a set of new measurement techniques and inference algorithms to construct a new type of semantically rich Internet map, and improve the state of the art in Internet cartography. The author first develops a methodology to extract large-scale validation data from the Communities BGP attribute, which encodes rich routing meta-data on BGP messages. Based on this better-informed dataset the author proceeds to analyse popular assumptions about inter-domain routing policies and devise a more accurate model to describe inter-AS business relationships. Accordingly, the thesis proposes a new relationship inference algorithm to accurately capture both simple and complex AS relationships across two dimensions: prefix type, and geographic location. Validation against three sources of ground-truth data reveals that the proposed algorithm achieves a near-perfect accuracy. However, any inference approach is constrained by the inability of the existing topology data sources to provide a complete view of the inter-domain topology. To limit the topology incompleteness problem the author augments traditional BGP data with routing policy data obtained directly from IXPs to discover massive peering meshes which have thus far been largely invisible