9 research outputs found

    Local Structure in the Web

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    posterInternational audienceThe web graph has been widely adopted as the core describing the web structure [4]. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship betweenthe web graph and the location of the pages. It has already been noticed that links are often local (i.e. from a page to another page of the same server) and this can be used for efficient encoding of the web graph [9,7]. Locality in the web can be further modelled by the clustered graph induced by the prefix tree of URLs. The web tree's internal nodes are the commonprefixes of URLs and its leaves are the URLs themselves. A prefix ordering of URLs according to this tree allows to observe local structure in the web directly on the adjacency matrix M of the web graph. M splits in two terms : M = D + S, where D is diagonal by blocks and S is a very sparse matrix. The blocks of D that can be observed along the diagonal are sets of pages strongly related together

    Local Structure in the Web

    Get PDF
    posterInternational audienceThe web graph has been widely adopted as the core describing the web structure [4]. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship betweenthe web graph and the location of the pages. It has already been noticed that links are often local (i.e. from a page to another page of the same server) and this can be used for efficient encoding of the web graph [9,7]. Locality in the web can be further modelled by the clustered graph induced by the prefix tree of URLs. The web tree's internal nodes are the commonprefixes of URLs and its leaves are the URLs themselves. A prefix ordering of URLs according to this tree allows to observe local structure in the web directly on the adjacency matrix M of the web graph. M splits in two terms : M = D + S, where D is diagonal by blocks and S is a very sparse matrix. The blocks of D that can be observed along the diagonal are sets of pages strongly related together

    Relaxing the Constraints of Clustered Planarity

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    In a drawing of a clustered graph vertices and edges are drawn as points and curves, respectively, while clusters are represented by simple closed regions. A drawing of a clustered graph is c-planar if it has no edge-edge, edge-region, or region-region crossings. Determining the complexity of testing whether a clustered graph admits a c-planar drawing is a long-standing open problem in the Graph Drawing research area. An obvious necessary condition for c-planarity is the planarity of the graph underlying the clustered graph. However, such a condition is not sufficient and the consequences on the problem due to the requirement of not having edge-region and region-region crossings are not yet fully understood. In order to shed light on the c-planarity problem, we consider a relaxed version of it, where some kinds of crossings (either edge-edge, edge-region, or region-region) are allowed even if the underlying graph is planar. We investigate the relationships among the minimum number of edge-edge, edge-region, and region-region crossings for drawings of the same clustered graph. Also, we consider drawings in which only crossings of one kind are admitted. In this setting, we prove that drawings with only edge-edge or with only edge-region crossings always exist, while drawings with only region-region crossings may not. Further, we provide upper and lower bounds for the number of such crossings. Finally, we give a polynomial-time algorithm to test whether a drawing with only region-region crossings exist for biconnected graphs, hence identifying a first non-trivial necessary condition for c-planarity that can be tested in polynomial time for a noticeable class of graphs

    C-Planarity of C-Connected Clustered Graphs

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    Kreuzungen in Cluster-Level-Graphen

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    Clustered graphs are an enhanced graph model with a recursive clustering of the vertices according to a given nesting relation. This prime technique for expressing coherence of certain parts of the graph is used in many applications, such as biochemical pathways and UML class diagrams. For directed clustered graphs usually level drawings are used, leading to clustered level graphs. In this thesis we analyze the interrelation of clusters and levels and their influence on edge crossings and cluster/edge crossings.Cluster-Graphen sind ein erweitertes Graph-Modell mit einem rekursiven Clustering der Knoten entsprechend einer gegebenen Inklusionsrelation. Diese bedeutende Technik um Zusammengehörigkeit bestimmter Teile des Graphen auszudrĂŒcken wird in vielen Anwendungen benutzt, etwa biochemischen Reaktionsnetzen oder UML Klassendiagrammen. FĂŒr gerichtete Cluster-Graphen werden ĂŒblicherweise Level-Zeichnungen verwendet, was zu Cluster-Level-Graphen fĂŒhrt. Diese Arbeit analysiert den Zusammenhang zwischen Clustern und Level und deren Auswirkungen auf Kantenkreuzungen und Cluster/Kanten-Kreuzungen

    New Approaches to Classic Graph-Embedding Problems - Orthogonal Drawings & Constrained Planarity

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    Drawings of graphs are often used to represent a given data set in a human-readable way. In this thesis, we consider different classic algorithmic problems that arise when automatically generating graph drawings. More specifically, we solve some open problems in the context of orthogonal drawings and advance the current state of research on the problems clustered planarity and simultaneous planarity

    Interactive graph drawing with constraints

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    This thesis investigates the requirements for graph drawing stemming from practical applications, and presents both theoretical as well as practical results and approaches to handle them. Many approaches to compute graph layouts in various drawing styles exist, but the results are often not sufficient for use in practice. Drawing conventions, graphical notation standards, and user-defined requirements restrict the set of admissible drawings. These restrictions can be formalized as constraints for the layout computation. We investigate the requirements and give an overview and categorization of the corresponding constraints. Of main importance for the readability of a graph drawing is the number of edge crossings. In case the graph is planar it should be drawn without crossings, otherwise we should aim to use the minimum number of crossings possible. However, several types of constraints may impose restrictions on the way the graph can be embedded in the plane. These restrictions may have a strong impact on crossing minimization. For two types of such constraints we present specific solutions how to consider them in layout computation: We introduce the class of so-called embedding constraints, which restrict the order of the edges around a vertex. For embedding constraints we describe approaches for planarity testing, embedding, and edge insertion with the minimum number of crossings. These problems can be solved in linear time with our approaches. The second constraint type that we tackle are clusters. Clusters describe a hierarchical grouping of the graph's vertices that has to be reflected in the drawing. The complexity of the corresponding clustered planarity testing problem for clustered graphs is unknown so far. We describe a technique to compute a maximum clustered planar subgraph of a clustered graph. Our solution is based on an Integer Linear Program (ILP) formulation and includes also the first practical clustered planarity test for general clustered graphs. The resulting subgraph can be used within the first step of the planarization approach for clustered graphs. In addition, we describe how to improve the performance for pure clustered planarity testing by implying a branch-and-price approach. Large and complex graphs nowadays arise in many application domains. These graphs require interaction and navigation techniques to allow exploration of the underlying data. The corresponding concepts are presented and solutions for three practical applications are proposed: First, we describe Scaffold Hunter, a tool for the exploration of chemical space. We show how to use a hierarchical classification of molecules for the visual navigation in chemical space. The resulting visualization is embedded into an interactive environment that allows visual analysis of chemical compound databases. Finally, two interactive visualization approaches for two types of biological networks, protein-domain networks and residue interaction networks, are presented.In zahlreichen Anwendungsgebieten werden Informationen als Graphen modelliert und mithilfe dieser Graphen visualisiert. Eine ĂŒbersichtliche Darstellung hilft bei der Analyse und unterstĂŒtzt das VerstĂ€ndnis bei der PrĂ€sentation von Informationen mittels graph-basierter Diagramme. Neben allgemeinen Ă€sthetischen Kriterien bestehen fĂŒr eine solche Darstellung Anforderungen, die sich aus der Charakteristik der Daten, etablierten Darstellungskonventionen und der konkreten Fragestellung ergeben. ZusĂ€tzlich ist hĂ€ufig eine individuelle Anpassung der Darstellung durch den Anwender gewĂŒnscht. Diese Anforderungen können mithilfe von Nebenbedingungen fĂŒr die Berechnung eines Layouts formuliert werden. Trotz einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Anforderungen aus zahlreichen Anwendungsgebieten können die meisten Anforderungen ĂŒber einige generische Nebenbedingungen formuliert werden. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Anforderungen aus der Praxis und beschreiben eine Zuordnung zu Nebenbedingungen fĂŒr die Layoutberechnung. Wir geben eine Übersicht ĂŒber den aktuellen Stand der Behandlung von Nebenbedingungen beim Zeichnen von Graphen und kategorisieren diese nach grundlegenden Eigenschaften. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit fĂŒr die QualitĂ€t einer Darstellung ist die Anzahl der Kreuzungen. Planare Graphen sollten kreuzungsfrei gezeichnet werden, bei nicht-planaren Graphen sollte die minimale Anzahl Kreuzungen erreicht werden. Einige Nebenbedingungen beschrĂ€nken jedoch die Möglichkeit, den Graph in die Ebene einzubetten. Dies kann starke Auswirkungen auf das Ergebnis der Kreuzungsminimierung haben. Zwei wichtige Typen solcher Nebenbedingungen werden in dieser Arbeit nĂ€her untersucht. Mit den Embedding Constraints fĂŒhren wir eine Klasse von Nebenbedingungen ein, welche die mögliche Reihenfolge der Kanten um einen Knoten beschrĂ€nken. FĂŒr diese Klasse prĂ€sentieren wir Linearzeitalgorithmen fĂŒr das Testen der PlanaritĂ€t und das optimale EinfĂŒgen von Kanten unter Beachtung der EinbettungsbeschrĂ€nkungen. Der zweite Typ von Nebenbedingungen sind Cluster, die eine hierarchische Gruppierung von Knoten vorgeben. FĂŒr das Testen der Cluster-PlanaritĂ€t unter solchen Nebenbedingungen ist die KomplexitĂ€t bisher unbekannt. Wir beschreiben ein Verfahren, um einen maximalen Cluster-planaren Untergraphen zu berechnen. Wir nutzen dabei eine Formulierung als ganzzahliges lineares Programm sowie einen Branch-and-Cut Ansatz zur Lösung. Das Verfahren erlaubt auch die Bestimmung der Cluster-PlanaritĂ€t und stellt damit den ersten praktischen Ansatz zum Testen allgemeiner Clustergraphen dar. ZusĂ€tzlich beschreiben wir eine Verbesserung fĂŒr den Fall, dass lediglich Cluster-PlanaritĂ€t getestet werden muss, der maximale Cluster-planare Untergraph aber nicht von Interesse ist. FĂŒr dieses Szenario geben wir eine vereinfachte Formulierung und prĂ€sentieren ein Lösungsverfahren, das auf einem Branch-and-Price Ansatz beruht. In der Praxis mĂŒssen hĂ€ufig sehr große oder komplexe Graphen untersucht werden. Dazu werden entsprechende Interaktions- und Navigationsmethoden benötigt. Wir beschreiben die entsprechenden Konzepte und stellen Lösungen fĂŒr drei Anwendungsbereiche vor: ZunĂ€chst beschreiben wir Scaffold Hunter, eine Software zur Navigation im chemischen Strukturraum. Scaffold Hunter benutzt eine hierarchische Klassifikation von MolekĂŒlen als Grundlage fĂŒr die visuelle Navigation. Die Visualisierung ist eingebettet in eine interaktive OberflĂ€che die eine visuelle Analyse von chemischen Strukturdatenbanken erlaubt. FĂŒr zwei Typen von biologischen Netzwerken, Protein-DomĂ€nen Netzwerke und Residue-Interaktionsnetzwerke, stellen wir AnsĂ€tze fĂŒr die interaktive Visualisierung dar. Die entsprechenden Layoutverfahren unterliegen einer Reihe von Nebenbedingungen fĂŒr eine sinnvolle Darstellung
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