600 research outputs found

    Investigating the effectiveness of an efficient label placement method using eye movement data

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    This paper focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dynamic and interactive maps in relation to the user. A label placement method with an improved algorithmic efficiency is presented. Since this algorithm has an influence on the actual placement of the name labels on the map, it is tested if this efficient algorithms also creates more effective maps: how well is the information processed by the user. We tested 30 participants while they were working on a dynamic and interactive map display. Their task was to locate geographical names on each of the presented maps. Their eye movements were registered together with the time at which a given label was found. The gathered data reveal no difference in the user's response times, neither in the number and the duration of the fixations between both map designs. The results of this study show that the efficiency of label placement algorithms can be improved without disturbing the user's cognitive map. Consequently, we created a more efficient map without affecting its effectiveness towards the user

    An empirical study of algorithms for point feature label placement

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    A major factor affecting the clarity of graphical displays that include text labels is the degree to which labels obscure display features (including other labels) as a result of spatial overlap. Point-feature label placement (PFLP) is the problem of placing text labels adjacent to point features on a map or diagram so as to maximize legibility. This problem occurs frequently in the production of many types of informational graphics, though it arises most often in automated cartography. In this paper we present a comprehensive treatment of the PFLP problem, viewed as a type of combinatorial optimization problem. Complexity analysis reveals that the basic PFLP problem and most interesting variants of it are NP-hard. These negative results help inform a survey of previously reported algorithms for PFLP; not surprisingly, all such algorithms either have exponential time complexity or are incomplete. To solve the PFLP problem in practice, then, we must rely on good heuristic methods. We propose two new methods, one based on a discrete form of gradient descent, the other on simulated annealing, and report on a series of empirical tests comparing these and the other known algorithms for the problem. Based on this study, the first to be conducted, we identify the best approaches as a function of available computation time.Engineering and Applied Science

    Placing Arrows in Directed Graph Drawings

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    We consider the problem of placing arrow heads in directed graph drawings without them overlapping other drawn objects. This gives drawings where edge directions can be deduced unambiguously. We show hardness of the problem, present exact and heuristic algorithms, and report on a practical study.Comment: Appears in the Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2016

    A multi-agent system for on-the-fly web map generation and spatial conflict resolution

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    RĂ©sumĂ© Internet est devenu un moyen de diffusion de l’information gĂ©ographique par excellence. Il offre de plus en plus de services cartographiques accessibles par des milliers d’internautes Ă  travers le monde. Cependant, la qualitĂ© de ces services doit ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e, principalement en matiĂšre de personnalisation. A cette fin, il est important que la carte gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©e corresponde autant que possible aux besoins, aux prĂ©fĂ©rences et au contexte de l’utilisateur. Ce but peut ĂȘtre atteint en appliquant les transformations appropriĂ©es, en temps rĂ©el, aux objets de l’espace Ă  chaque cycle de gĂ©nĂ©ration de la carte. L’un des dĂ©fis majeurs de la gĂ©nĂ©ration d’une carte Ă  la volĂ©e est la rĂ©solution des conflits spatiaux qui apparaissent entre les objets, essentiellement Ă  cause de l’espace rĂ©duit des Ă©crans d’affichage. Dans cette thĂšse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche basĂ©e sur la mise en Ɠuvre d’un systĂšme multiagent pour la gĂ©nĂ©ration Ă  la volĂ©e des cartes et la rĂ©solution des conflits spatiaux. Cette approche est basĂ©e sur l’utilisation de la reprĂ©sentation multiple et la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation cartographique. Elle rĂ©sout les conflits spatiaux et gĂ©nĂšre les cartes demandĂ©es selon une stratĂ©gie innovatrice : la gĂ©nĂ©ration progressive des cartes par couches d’intĂ©rĂȘt. Chaque couche d’intĂ©rĂȘt contient tous les objets ayant le mĂȘme degrĂ© d’importance pour l’utilisateur. Ce contenu est dĂ©terminĂ© Ă  la volĂ©e au dĂ©but du processus de gĂ©nĂ©ration de la carte demandĂ©e. Notre approche multiagent gĂ©nĂšre et transfĂšre cette carte suivant un mode parallĂšle. En effet, une fois une couche d’intĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©e, elle est transmise Ă  l’utilisateur. Dans le but de rĂ©soudre les conflits spatiaux, et par la mĂȘme occasion gĂ©nĂ©rer la carte demandĂ©e, nous affectons un agent logiciel Ă  chaque objet de l’espace. Les agents entrent ensuite en compĂ©tition pour l’occupation de l’espace disponible. Cette compĂ©tition est basĂ©e sur un ensemble de prioritĂ©s qui correspondent aux diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s d’importance des objets pour l’utilisateur. Durant la rĂ©solution des conflits, les agents prennent en considĂ©ration les besoins et les prĂ©fĂ©rences de l’utilisateur afin d’amĂ©liorer la personnalisation de la carte. Ils amĂ©liorent la lisibilitĂ© des objets importants et utilisent des symboles qui pourraient aider l’utilisateur Ă  mieux comprendre l’espace gĂ©ographique. Le processus de gĂ©nĂ©ration de la carte peut ĂȘtre interrompu en tout temps par l’utilisateur lorsque les donnĂ©es dĂ©jĂ  transmises rĂ©pondent Ă  ses besoins. Dans ce cas, son temps d’attente est rĂ©duit, Ă©tant donnĂ© qu’il n’a pas Ă  attendre la gĂ©nĂ©ration du reste de la carte. Afin d’illustrer notre approche, nous l’appliquons au contexte de la cartographie sur le web ainsi qu’au contexte de la cartographie mobile. Dans ces deux contextes, nous catĂ©gorisons nos donnĂ©es, qui concernent la ville de QuĂ©bec, en quatre couches d’intĂ©rĂȘt contenant les objets explicitement demandĂ©s par l’utilisateur, les objets repĂšres, le rĂ©seau routier et les objets ordinaires qui n’ont aucune importance particuliĂšre pour l’utilisateur. Notre systĂšme multiagent vise Ă  rĂ©soudre certains problĂšmes liĂ©s Ă  la gĂ©nĂ©ration Ă  la volĂ©e des cartes web. Ces problĂšmes sont les suivants : 1. Comment adapter le contenu des cartes, Ă  la volĂ©e, aux besoins des utilisateurs ? 2. Comment rĂ©soudre les conflits spatiaux de maniĂšre Ă  amĂ©liorer la lisibilitĂ© de la carte tout en prenant en considĂ©ration les besoins de l’utilisateur ? 3. Comment accĂ©lĂ©rer la gĂ©nĂ©ration et le transfert des donnĂ©es aux utilisateurs ? Les principales contributions de cette thĂšse sont : 1. La rĂ©solution des conflits spatiaux en utilisant les systĂšmes multiagent, la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation cartographique et la reprĂ©sentation multiple. 2. La gĂ©nĂ©ration des cartes dans un contexte web et dans un contexte mobile, Ă  la volĂ©e, en utilisant les systĂšmes multiagent, la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation cartographique et la reprĂ©sentation multiple. 3. L’adaptation des contenus des cartes, en temps rĂ©el, aux besoins de l’utilisateur Ă  la source (durant la premiĂšre gĂ©nĂ©ration de la carte). 4. Une nouvelle modĂ©lisation de l’espace gĂ©ographique basĂ©e sur une architecture multi-couches du systĂšme multiagent. 5. Une approche de gĂ©nĂ©ration progressive des cartes basĂ©e sur les couches d’intĂ©rĂȘt. 6. La gĂ©nĂ©ration et le transfert, en parallĂšle, des cartes aux utilisateurs, dans les contextes web et mobile.Abstract Internet is a fast growing medium to get and disseminate geospatial information. It provides more and more web mapping services accessible by thousands of users worldwide. However, the quality of these services needs to be improved, especially in term of personalization. In order to increase map flexibility, it is important that the map corresponds as much as possible to the user’s needs, preferences and context. This may be possible by applying the suitable transformations, in real-time, to spatial objects at each map generation cycle. An underlying challenge of such on-the-fly map generation is to solve spatial conflicts that may appear between objects especially due to lack of space on display screens. In this dissertation, we propose a multiagent-based approach to address the problems of on-the-fly web map generation and spatial conflict resolution. The approach is based upon the use of multiple representation and cartographic generalization. It solves conflicts and generates maps according to our innovative progressive map generation by layers of interest approach. A layer of interest contains objects that have the same importance to the user. This content, which depends on the user’s needs and the map’s context of use, is determined on-the-fly. Our multiagent-based approach generates and transfers data of the required map in parallel. As soon as a given layer of interest is generated, it is transmitted to the user. In order to generate a given map and solve spatial conflicts, we assign a software agent to every spatial object. Then, the agents compete for space occupation. This competition is driven by a set of priorities corresponding to the importance of objects for the user. During processing, agents take into account users’ needs and preferences in order to improve the personalization of the final map. They emphasize important objects by improving their legibility and using symbols in order to help the user to better understand the geographic space. Since the user can stop the map generation process whenever he finds the required information from the amount of data already transferred, his waiting delays are reduced. In order to illustrate our approach, we apply it to the context of tourist web and mobile mapping applications. In these contexts, we propose to categorize data into four layers of interest containing: explicitly required objects, landmark objects, road network and ordinary objects which do not have any specific importance for the user. In this dissertation, our multiagent system aims at solving the following problems related to on-the-fly web mapping applications: 1. How can we adapt the contents of maps to users’ needs on-the-fly? 2. How can we solve spatial conflicts in order to improve the legibility of maps while taking into account users’ needs? 3. How can we speed up data generation and transfer to users? The main contributions of this thesis are: 1. The resolution of spatial conflicts using multiagent systems, cartographic generalization and multiple representation. 2. The generation of web and mobile maps, on-the-fly, using multiagent systems, cartographic generalization and multiple representation. 3. The real-time adaptation of maps’ contents to users’ needs at the source (during the first generation of the map). 4. A new modeling of the geographic space based upon a multi-layers multiagent system architecture. 5. A progressive map generation approach by layers of interest. 6. The generation and transfer of web and mobile maps at the same time to users

    Algorithms for Automatic Label Placement

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    PrĂĄce popisuje problĂ©m automatickĂ©ho umĂ­sĆ„ovĂĄnĂ­ popiskĆŻ do mapy. JednotlivĂ© bodovĂ©, čárovĂ© a ploĆĄnĂ© objekty v mapě je tƙeba označit odpovĂ­dajĂ­cĂ­mi textovĂœmi či obrĂĄzkovĂœmi popisky. Tyto popisky je nutnĂ© rozmĂ­stit tak, aby se vzĂĄjemně nepƙekrĂœvaly a zĂĄroveƈ byly jasně pƙiƙaditelnĂ© k odpovĂ­dajĂ­cĂ­m objektĆŻm. O problĂ©mu je znĂĄmo, ĆŸe je NP-tÄ›ĆŸkĂœ a nalezenĂ­ optimĂĄlnĂ­ho rozmĂ­stěnĂ­ vĆĄech popiskĆŻ je vĂœpočetně velmi nĂĄročnĂ© i pro nejjednoduĆĄĆĄĂ­ mapy. Pozornost je věnovĂĄna umĂ­sĆ„ovĂĄnĂ­ popiskĆŻ označujĂ­cĂ­ch bodovĂ© a čárovĂ© objekty, včetně prvnĂ­ho kroku obnĂĄĆĄejĂ­cĂ­ho pƙípravu moĆŸnĂœch pozic pro umĂ­stěnĂ­ těchto popiskĆŻ, pƙi dodrĆŸenĂ­ bÄ›ĆŸnĂœch kartografickĂœch pravidel pro rozmĂ­sĆ„ovĂĄnĂ­ popiskĆŻ. NĂĄsledně jsou na problĂ©m aplikovĂĄny tƙi rĆŻznĂ© druhy algoritmĆŻ -- greedy ("hladovĂ©") algoritmy v kombinaci s lokĂĄlnĂ­m prohledĂĄvĂĄnĂ­m, matematickĂĄ optimalizace (v podobě 0-1 celočíselnĂ©ho programovĂĄnĂ­) a genetickĂ© algoritmy. PopsanĂ© algoritmy jsou v softwarovĂ© části prĂĄce implementovĂĄny a na zĂĄvěr porovnĂĄny na několika rĆŻznĂœch datovĂœch sadĂĄch, vychĂĄzejĂ­cĂ­ch z reĂĄlnĂœch geografickĂœch podkladĆŻ a z nĂĄhodně vygenerovanĂœch map. ZĂĄvěrečnĂ© srovnĂĄnĂ­ se zaměƙuje na kvalitu vĂœslednĂ©ho rozmĂ­stěnĂ­ (dle metrik definovanĂœch v prĂĄci), času potƙebnĂ©mu k nalezenĂ­ ƙeĆĄenĂ­ a takĂ© na determinističnost danĂœch algoritmĆŻ.Thesis describes the problem of automatic map label placement. Various point, line or area features in maps must be marked with matching text or graphic labels. These labels have to be placed so they do not overlap with each other and they are clearly associable with corresponding map features. The problem is known to be NP-hard and finding optimal positions of all map labels is highly computationally expensive, even for the simplest maps. Focus is given to the placement of labels describing point and line map features, including the initial phase of enumerating possible label positions, respecting the basic cartographic rules common for those labels. Afterwards, three different algorithm types are applied to the problem itself -- greedy algorithms (in combination with local search optimization), mathematical optimization (0-1 integer programming) and genetic algorithms. Ultimately, the described algorithms are implemented in the software part of the work and compared on various data sets, based on both real world geographical data and randomly generated maps. The final comparison focuses especially on the quality of the result (scored by the metrics defined in the thesis), time needed to find the solution and determinism of the given algorithms
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