30,808 research outputs found
Scenic: A Language for Scenario Specification and Scene Generation
We propose a new probabilistic programming language for the design and
analysis of perception systems, especially those based on machine learning.
Specifically, we consider the problems of training a perception system to
handle rare events, testing its performance under different conditions, and
debugging failures. We show how a probabilistic programming language can help
address these problems by specifying distributions encoding interesting types
of inputs and sampling these to generate specialized training and test sets.
More generally, such languages can be used for cyber-physical systems and
robotics to write environment models, an essential prerequisite to any formal
analysis. In this paper, we focus on systems like autonomous cars and robots,
whose environment is a "scene", a configuration of physical objects and agents.
We design a domain-specific language, Scenic, for describing "scenarios" that
are distributions over scenes. As a probabilistic programming language, Scenic
allows assigning distributions to features of the scene, as well as
declaratively imposing hard and soft constraints over the scene. We develop
specialized techniques for sampling from the resulting distribution, taking
advantage of the structure provided by Scenic's domain-specific syntax.
Finally, we apply Scenic in a case study on a convolutional neural network
designed to detect cars in road images, improving its performance beyond that
achieved by state-of-the-art synthetic data generation methods.Comment: 41 pages, 36 figures. Full version of a PLDI 2019 paper (extending UC
Berkeley EECS Department Tech Report No. UCB/EECS-2018-8
Learning to Act Properly: Predicting and Explaining Affordances from Images
We address the problem of affordance reasoning in diverse scenes that appear
in the real world. Affordances relate the agent's actions to their effects when
taken on the surrounding objects. In our work, we take the egocentric view of
the scene, and aim to reason about action-object affordances that respect both
the physical world as well as the social norms imposed by the society. We also
aim to teach artificial agents why some actions should not be taken in certain
situations, and what would likely happen if these actions would be taken. We
collect a new dataset that builds upon ADE20k, referred to as ADE-Affordance,
which contains annotations enabling such rich visual reasoning. We propose a
model that exploits Graph Neural Networks to propagate contextual information
from the scene in order to perform detailed affordance reasoning about each
object. Our model is showcased through various ablation studies, pointing to
successes and challenges in this complex task
Generalized Multivariate Extreme Value Models for Explicit Route Choice Sets
This paper analyses a class of route choice models with closed-form
probability expressions, namely, Generalized Multivariate Extreme Value (GMEV)
models. A large group of these models emerge from different utility formulas
that combine systematic utility and random error terms. Twelve models are
captured in a single discrete choice framework. The additive utility formula
leads to the known logit family, being multinomial, path-size, paired
combinatorial and link-nested. For the multiplicative formulation only the
multinomial and path-size weibit models have been identified; this study also
identifies the paired combinatorial and link-nested variations, and generalizes
the path-size variant. Furthermore, a new traveller's decision rule based on
the multiplicative utility formula with a reference route is presented. Here
the traveller chooses exclusively based on the differences between routes. This
leads to four new GMEV models. We assess the models qualitatively based on a
generic structure of route utility with random foreseen travel times, for which
we empirically identify that the variance of utility should be different from
thus far assumed for multinomial probit and logit-kernel models. The expected
travellers' behaviour and model-behaviour under simple network changes are
analysed. Furthermore, all models are estimated and validated on an
illustrative network example with long distance and short distance
origin-destination pairs. The new multiplicative models based on differences
outperform the additive models in both tests
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