3 research outputs found

    Application-Oriented Benchmarking of Quantum Generative Learning Using QUARK

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    Benchmarking of quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms is challenging due to the complexity and variability of QML systems, e.g., regarding model ansatzes, data sets, training techniques, and hyper-parameters selection. The QUantum computing Application benchmaRK (QUARK) framework simplifies and standardizes benchmarking studies for quantum computing applications. Here, we propose several extensions of QUARK to include the ability to evaluate the training and deployment of quantum generative models. We describe the updated software architecture and illustrate its flexibility through several example applications: (1) We trained different quantum generative models using several circuit ansatzes, data sets, and data transformations. (2) We evaluated our models on GPU and real quantum hardware. (3) We assessed the generalization capabilities of our generative models using a broad set of metrics that capture, e.g., the novelty and validity of the generated data.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

    Learning visual representations with neural networks for video captioning and image generation

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    La recherche sur les reĢseaux de neurones a permis de reĢaliser de larges progreĢ€s durant la dernieĢ€re deĢcennie. Non seulement les reĢseaux de neurones ont eĢteĢ appliqueĢs avec succeĢ€s pour reĢsoudre des probleĢ€mes de plus en plus complexes; mais ils sont aussi devenus lā€™approche dominante dans les domaines ouĢ€ ils ont eĢteĢ testeĢs tels que la compreĢhension du langage, les agents jouant aĢ€ des jeux de manieĢ€re automatique ou encore la vision par ordinateur, graĢ‚ce aĢ€ leurs capaciteĢs calculatoires et leurs efficaciteĢs statistiques. La preĢsente theĢ€se eĢtudie les reĢseaux de neurones appliqueĢs aĢ€ des probleĢ€mes en vision par ordinateur, ouĢ€ les repreĢsentations seĢmantiques abstraites jouent un roĢ‚le fondamental. Nous deĢmontrerons, aĢ€ la fois par la theĢorie et par lā€™expeĢrimentation, la capaciteĢ des reĢseaux de neurones aĢ€ apprendre de telles repreĢsentations aĢ€ partir de donneĢes, avec ou sans supervision. Le contenu de la theĢ€se est diviseĢ en deux parties. La premieĢ€re partie eĢtudie les reĢseaux de neurones appliqueĢs aĢ€ la description de videĢo en langage naturel, neĢcessitant lā€™apprentissage de repreĢsentation visuelle. Le premier modeĢ€le proposeĢ permet dā€™avoir une attention dynamique sur les diffeĢrentes trames de la videĢo lors de la geĢneĢration de la description textuelle pour de courtes videĢos. Ce modeĢ€le est ensuite ameĢlioreĢ par lā€™introduction dā€™une opeĢration de convolution reĢcurrente. Par la suite, la dernieĢ€re section de cette partie identifie un probleĢ€me fondamental dans la description de videĢo en langage naturel et propose un nouveau type de meĢtrique dā€™eĢvaluation qui peut eĢ‚tre utiliseĢ empiriquement comme un oracle afin dā€™analyser les performances de modeĢ€les concernant cette taĢ‚che. La deuxieĢ€me partie se concentre sur lā€™apprentissage non-superviseĢ et eĢtudie une famille de modeĢ€les capables de geĢneĢrer des images. En particulier, lā€™accent est mis sur les ā€œNeural Autoregressive Density Estimators (NADEs), une famille de modeĢ€les probabilistes pour les images naturelles. Ce travail met tout dā€™abord en eĢvidence une connection entre les modeĢ€les NADEs et les reĢseaux stochastiques geĢneĢratifs (GSN). De plus, une ameĢlioration des modeĢ€les NADEs standards est proposeĢe. DeĢnommeĢs NADEs iteĢratifs, cette ameĢlioration introduit plusieurs iteĢrations lors de lā€™infeĢrence du modeĢ€le NADEs tout en preĢservant son nombre de parameĢ€tres. DeĢbutant par une revue chronologique, ce travail se termine par un reĢsumeĢ des reĢcents deĢveloppements en lien avec les contributions preĢsenteĢes dans les deux parties principales, concernant les probleĢ€mes dā€™apprentissage de repreĢsentation seĢmantiques pour les images et les videĢos. De prometteuses directions de recherche sont envisageĢes.The past decade has been marked as a golden era of neural network research. Not only have neural networks been successfully applied to solve more and more challenging real- world problems, but also they have become the dominant approach in many of the places where they have been tested. These places include, for instance, language understanding, game playing, and computer vision, thanks to neural networksā€™ superiority in computational efficiency and statistical capacity. This thesis applies neural networks to problems in computer vision where high-level and semantically meaningful representations play a fundamental role. It demonstrates both in theory and in experiment the ability to learn such representations from data with and without supervision. The main content of the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part studies neural networks in the context of learning visual representations for the task of video captioning. Models are developed to dynamically focus on different frames while generating a natural language description of a short video. Such a model is further improved by recurrent convolutional operations. The end of this part identifies fundamental challenges in video captioning and proposes a new type of evaluation metric that may be used experimentally as an oracle to benchmark performance. The second part studies the family of models that generate images. While the first part is supervised, this part is unsupervised. The focus of it is the popular family of Neural Autoregressive Density Estimators (NADEs), a tractable probabilistic model for natural images. This work first makes a connection between NADEs and Generative Stochastic Networks (GSNs). The standard NADE is improved by introducing multiple iterations in its inference without increasing the number of parameters, which is dubbed iterative NADE. With a historical view at the beginning, this work ends with a summary of recent development for work discussed in the first two parts around the central topic of learning visual representations for images and videos. A bright future is envisioned at the end

    Generalization and Exclusive Allocation of Credit in Unsupervised Category Learning

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    A new way of measuring generalization in unsupervised learning is presented. The measure is based on an exclusive allocation, or credit assignment , criterion. In a classifier that satisfies the criterion, input patterns are parsed so that the credit for each input feature is assigned exclusively to one of multiple, possibly overlapping, output categories. Such a classifier achieves context-sensitive, global representations of pattern data. Two additional constraints, sequence masking and uncertainty multiplexing, are described; these can be used to refine the measure of generalization. The generalization performance of EXIN networks, winner-take-all competitive learning networks, linear decorrelator networks, and Nigrin's SONNET--2 network is compared. Keywords Generalization, Exclusive allocation, Credit assignment, Binding, Unsupervised learning, Pattern classification, Distributed coding, EXIN (excitatory+inhibitory) learning, Sparse coding, Rule extraction, Regularization, Blind ..
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