Konzessionsmodelle für Fernstraßen in Deutschland: eine ökonomische Analyse der Risikoallokation beim F- und A-Modell

This paper analyzes the risk allocation in concession models for German highways, according to the "F-Model" and the "A-Model". We first assess the deficits of traditional construction and management of highways in Germany and present the two concession models. Next, theoretical backgrounds and rules of thumb for risk allocation in concessions for road infrastructure are presented and applied to the F- and A-Model. Both models show significant weaknesses with regard to risk allocation. We propose to award F-Model concessions following the PVR-principle (present value of revenue). The main criticism of the A-Model is that the concessionaire carries the entire traffic risk; also, the A-Model does not seem to be compatible with future privatization plans for German highways. In diesem Beitrag wird die Risikoallokation bei Betreibermodellen für Bundesfernstraßen nach dem F- und A-Modell untersucht. Zunächst werden kurz die Defizite des traditionellen Modells der Herstellung und Bereitstellung von Fernstraßen in Deutschland dargestellt und die Struktur der beiden Konzessionsmodelle bewertet. Dann werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Risikoallokation bei Konzessionsmodellen für Straßeninfrastruktur abgeleitet und die Risikoallokation beim F- und beim A-Modell analysiert. Bei beiden Modellen weist die Risikoallokation große Schwachstellen auf. Es wird empfohlen, Konzessionen nach dem FModell zukünftig in Anlehnung an das Barwertmodell zu vergeben. Wesentlicher Kritikpunkt an der Risikoallokation beim A-Modell ist die Übertragung des Verkehrsmengenrisikos auch nach der Bauphase an den Konzessionär; es ist unklar, ob das A-Modell kompatibel mit zukünftigen Privatisierungs- bzw. Organisationskonzepten für die Bundesautobahnen ist.Concession models, Germany, highways, infrastructure, regulation, risk allocation

Die unzulässige Substitution des chefärztlichen Behandlers und ihre Auswirkungen

It is common practice for patients in a hospital to be treated by the on-duty physician. If patients want to be treated by a certain physician, then they are subject to additional charges. This is referred to as ‘chief physician treatment’ because it is often chief physicians who are selected to carry out treatment. Commonly, chief physicians are considered to be particularly experienced and competent. But even if a chief physician treatment is contractually agreed with the patient, in many cases it is not the chief physicians who provide the individual treatment services. Sometimes they do not even participate in the treatment at all but nevertheless all the services are billed as chief physician treatment. Whether and the extent to which the law allows this kind of practice, is the subject of this dissertation

Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohnes auf die Beschäftigung und den Arbeitnehmerschutz in der Abfallwirtschaft

Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Evaluation der Einführung des Mindestlohnes in der Abfallwirtschaft zum 01.01.2010. Die Evaluation setzt sich aus einem Branchenbild sowie einer kausalen Wirkungsanalyse des Mindestlohnes auf Basis einer Unternehmensbefragung zusammen. Auf Basis der Befragungsdaten zeigt sich, dass die Betroffenheit der Branche vom Mindestlohn mit ca. 23% der Unternehmen und 6% der Beschäftigten als gering einzustufen ist. Die Resultate der Wirkungsanalyse mit Hilfe verschiedener Kontrollgruppenansätze deuten darauf hin, dass die Einführung des Mindestlohnes innerhalb der bisherigen Geltungsdauer auf die Beschäftigung keine messbaren Effekte entfaltet hat. Bezogen auf den Arbeitnehmerschutz lässt sich als Folge des Mindestlohnes eine Tendenz zur Verdichtung der Arbeit sowie zur Zunahme ungeschützter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse feststellen

Die unzulässige Substitution des chefärztlichen Behandlers und ihre Auswirkungen

It is common practice for patients in a hospital to be treated by the on-duty physician. If patients want to be treated by a certain physician, then they are subject to additional charges. This is referred to as ‘chief physician treatment’ because it is often chief physicians who are selected to carry out treatment. Commonly, chief physicians are considered to be particularly experienced and competent. But even if a chief physician treatment is contractually agreed with the patient, in many cases it is not the chief physicians who provide the individual treatment services. Sometimes they do not even participate in the treatment at all but nevertheless all the services are billed as chief physician treatment. Whether and the extent to which the law allows this kind of practice, is the subject of this dissertation

Abfallwirtschaft zwischen Entsorgungsnotstand und Überkapazitäten

The present situation in the utilization of waste products is characterized by the required achievement of rigorous environmental standards (pre-treatment of waste, sealing of dumps) and the decrease in the disposal of waste, as a result of the latter, an excess capacity of municipal waste disposal facilities. The requirements concerning the (thermal or mechanical-biological) pre-treatment of waste according to current regulations will not be met on time. So from 2005 onwards a bottleneck in waste disposal facilities has to be expected. It is the objective of achieving uniform standards of refuse disposal to control the disposal of waste by the way of meeting environmental standards to heighten the reliability of corporate planning but not - like at present - by means of different prices of refusing dispose. In order to explain the fundamental change from the “battle about waste” between privately owned enterprises and municipalities to a future “state of emergency regarding refuse disposal” the waste industry will be briefly characterized in the context of environmental protection (2.) Then its legal framework will be described and partly commented on (3.). Here the basic problem lies in the distinction between waste utilization and refuse disposal, which is in dispute especially in case of waste incineration. The actual legal practice has resulted in a waste utilization friendly interpretation of the concept of waste, with the consequence of a low level of capacity utilization of municipal incinerating plants. The object of chapter 4 is the pricing of the different services of waste disposal in the form of the calculation of fees and their possible ecological design. Especially in the period from 1990 to 2000 charges of waste disposal had risen drastically. As an alternative solution of regulating the utilization of waste products in form of the current juxtaposition of public and private refuse disposal and waste utilization its further liberalization (de-regulation, privatization) is controversially dealt with. A few variants from these will be distinguished in more detail (competition in and for the market, increase of efficiency in the current legal and organizational framework).waste utilization, refuse disposal, waste charges, liberalization of waste management