Investigating human-perceptual properties of "shapes" using 3D shapes and 2D fonts

Shapes are generally used to convey meaning. They are used in video games, films and other multimedia, in diverse ways. 3D shapes may be destined for virtual scenes or represent objects to be constructed in the real-world. Fonts add character to an otherwise plain block of text, allowing the writer to make important points more visually prominent or distinct from other text. They can indicate the structure of a document, at a glance. Rather than studying shapes through traditional geometric shape descriptors, we provide alternative methods to describe and analyse shapes, from a lens of human perception. This is done via the concepts of Schelling Points and Image Specificity. Schelling Points are choices people make when they aim to match with what they expect others to choose but cannot communicate with others to determine an answer. We study whole mesh selections in this setting, where Schelling Meshes are the most frequently selected shapes. The key idea behind image Specificity is that different images evoke different descriptions; but ‘Specific’ images yield more consistent descriptions than others. We apply Specificity to 2D fonts. We show that each concept can be learned and predict them for fonts and 3D shapes, respectively, using a depth image-based convolutional neural network. Results are shown for a range of fonts and 3D shapes and we demonstrate that font Specificity and the Schelling meshes concept are useful for visualisation, clustering, and search applications. Overall, we find that each concept represents similarities between their respective type of shape, even when there are discontinuities between the shape geometries themselves. The ‘context’ of these similarities is in some kind of abstract or subjective meaning which is consistent among different people

Immune signaling pathways and digestion-related proteins in the Manduca sexta larvae

M. sexta has been used as a biochemistry model to study insect immunity. While it is unclear how immune genes are specifically regulated by Toll or Imd pathway. We produced the recombinant Spätzle-1 and -2 precursors, activated them using prophenoloxidase activating protease-3 (PAP3), and separately injected them into hemocoel to trigger specific up-regulation of genes controlled by the Toll pathway. M. sexta cell line was treated with E. coli DAP-PG to specifically induce the Imd pathway. RNA-seq analysis of fat body tissues and cell samples indicated that diapausins and lebocins are predominantly regulated via Toll signaling, gallerimycin, X-tox and its splicing variants are synthesized in response to DAP-PG through Imd pathway, whereas attacins, cecropins, moricins, defensins, gloverin, lysozymes, transferrins, and WAPs are induced via both. Furthermore, we separately injected Enterococcus faecalis or Enterobacter cloacae into hemocoel, it showed that most antimicrobial peptides could be induced by both bacteria, such as lebocinD, which is a Toll-specific gene. However, diapausin1, gloverin and cecropin6 were more sensitive to Enterococcus faecalis, X-toxs was more sensitive to Enterobacter cloacae. Our results showed the injection of bacteria cannot separate Toll or Imd pathways properly in M. sexta, which is very different from D. melanogaster. Thus, it confirms the complexity of host-pathogen interactions and innate immune response pathways in other non-dipteran insects.Food digestion is vital for the survival and prosperity of insects. While digestive enzymes from pest species lacks a systematic analysis. In the genome of Manduca sexta, we identified 122 digestive enzymes including 85 proteases, 20 esterases, 16 carbohydrases, and 1 nuclease. We also further categorized 144 M. sexta serine esterases (SEs) and their homologs, 26 phospholipases and 13 thioesterases. Expression profiling of these genes in specific tissues and stages has provided insights into their functions including digestion, detoxification, hormone processing, neurotransmission, reproduction, and developmental regulation. In summary, these studies provide for the first time a holistic view of the digestion and SE-related proteins in a model lepidopteran insect and clues for comparative research in lepidopteran pests and beyond