JSJ decompositions of Quadratic Baumslag-Solitar groups

Generalized Baumslag-Solitar groups are defined as fundamental groups of graphs of groups with infinite cyclic vertex and edge groups. Forester proved (in "On uniqueness of JSJ decompositions of finitely generated groups", Comment. Math. Helv. 78 (2003) pp 740-751) that in most cases the defining graphs are cyclic JSJ decompositions, in the sense of Rips and Sela. Here we extend Forester's results to graphs of groups with vertex groups that can be either infinite cyclic or quadratically hanging surface groups.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures. Several corrections and improvements from referee's report. Imprtant changes in Definition 5.1, and the proof of Theorem 5.5 (previously 5.4). Lemma 5.4 was adde

Uncoverings on graphs and network reliability

We propose a network protocol similar to the $k$-tree protocol of Itai and Rodeh [{\em Inform.\ and Comput.}\ {\bf 79} (1988), 43--59]. To do this, we define an {\em $t$-uncovering-by-bases} for a connected graph $G$ to be a collection $\mathcal{U}$ of spanning trees for $G$ such that any $t$-subset of edges of $G$ is disjoint from at least one tree in $\mathcal{U}$, where $t$ is some integer strictly less than the edge connectivity of $G$. We construct examples of these for some infinite families of graphs. Many of these infinite families utilise factorisations or decompositions of graphs. In every case the size of the uncovering-by-bases is no larger than the number of edges in the graph and we conjecture that this may be true in general.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Multicolored parallelisms of Hamiltonian cycles

AbstractA subgraph in an edge-colored graph is multicolored if all its edges receive distinct colors. In this paper, we prove that a complete graph on 2m+1 vertices K2m+1 can be properly edge-colored with 2m+1 colors in such a way that the edges of K2m+1 can be partitioned into m multicolored Hamiltonian cycles

Image patch analysis of sunspots and active regions. II. Clustering via matrix factorization

Separating active regions that are quiet from potentially eruptive ones is a key issue in Space Weather applications. Traditional classification schemes such as Mount Wilson and McIntosh have been effective in relating an active region large scale magnetic configuration to its ability to produce eruptive events. However, their qualitative nature prevents systematic studies of an active region's evolution for example. We introduce a new clustering of active regions that is based on the local geometry observed in Line of Sight magnetogram and continuum images. We use a reduced-dimension representation of an active region that is obtained by factoring the corresponding data matrix comprised of local image patches. Two factorizations can be compared via the definition of appropriate metrics on the resulting factors. The distances obtained from these metrics are then used to cluster the active regions. We find that these metrics result in natural clusterings of active regions. The clusterings are related to large scale descriptors of an active region such as its size, its local magnetic field distribution, and its complexity as measured by the Mount Wilson classification scheme. We also find that including data focused on the neutral line of an active region can result in an increased correspondence between our clustering results and other active region descriptors such as the Mount Wilson classifications and the $R$ value. We provide some recommendations for which metrics, matrix factorization techniques, and regions of interest to use to study active regions.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (SWSC). 33 pages, 12 figure