83 research outputs found
A General Framework for the Semantics of Type Theory
We propose an abstract notion of a type theory to unify the semantics of
various type theories including Martin-L\"{o}f type theory, two-level type
theory and cubical type theory. We establish basic results in the semantics of
type theory: every type theory has a bi-initial model; every model of a type
theory has its internal language; the category of theories over a type theory
is bi-equivalent to a full sub-2-category of the 2-category of models of the
type theory
Representations of first order function types as terminal coalgebras
Cosmic rays provide an important source for free electrons in Earth's atmosphere and also in dense interstellar regions where they produce a prevailing background ionization. We utilize a Monte Carlo cosmic ray transport model for particle energies of 10(6) eV <E <10(9) eV, and an analytic cosmic ray transport model for particle energies of 10(9) eV <E <10(12) eV in order to investigate the cosmic ray enhancement of free electrons in substellar atmospheres of free-floating objects. The cosmic ray calculations are applied to Drift-Phoenix model atmospheres of an example brown dwarf with effective temperature T-eff = 1500 K, and two example giant gas planets (T-eff = 1000 K, 1500 K). For the model brown dwarf atmosphere, the electron fraction is enhanced significantly by cosmic rays when the pressure p(gas) <10(-2) bar. Our example giant gas planet atmosphere suggests that the cosmic ray enhancement extends to 10(-4)-10(-2) bar, depending on the effective temperature. For the model atmosphere of the example giant gas planet considered here (T-eff = 1000 K), cosmic rays bring the degree of ionization to f(e) greater than or similar to 10(-8) when p(gas) <10(-8) bar, suggesting that this part of the atmosphere may behave as a weakly ionized plasma. Although cosmic rays enhance the degree of ionization by over three orders of magnitude in the upper atmosphere, the effect is not likely to be significant enough for sustained coupling of the magnetic field to the gas.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
A Universal Characterization of the Double Powerlocale
This is a version from 29 Sept 2003 of the paper published under the same name in Theoretical Computer Science 316 (2004) 297{321.
The double powerlocale P(X) (found by composing, in either order,the upper and lower powerlocale constructions PU and PL) is shown to be isomorphic in [Locop; Set] to the double exponential SSX where S is the Sierpinski locale. Further PU(X) and PL(X) are shown to be the subobjects P(X) comprising, respectively, the meet semilattice and join
semilattice homomorphisms. A key lemma shows that, for any locales X and Y , natural transformations from SX (the presheaf Loc
The enriched Vietoris monad on representable spaces
Employing a formal analogy between ordered sets and topological spaces, over
the past years we have investigated a notion of cocompleteness for topological,
approach and other kind of spaces. In this new context, the down-set monad
becomes the filter monad, cocomplete ordered set translates to continuous
lattice, distributivity means disconnectedness, and so on. Curiously, the
dual(?) notion of completeness does not behave as the mirror image of the one
of cocompleteness; and in this paper we have a closer look at complete spaces.
In particular, we construct the "up-set monad" on representable spaces (in the
sense of L. Nachbin for topological spaces, respectively C. Hermida for
multicategories); we show that this monad is of Kock-Z\"oberlein type; we
introduce and study a notion of weighted limit similar to the classical notion
for enriched categories; and we describe the Kleisli category of our "up-set
monad". We emphasize that these generic categorical notions and results can be
indeed connected to more "classical" topology: for topological spaces, the
"up-set monad" becomes the upper Vietoris monad, and the statement " is
totally cocomplete if and only if is totally complete"
specialises to O. Wyler's characterisation of the algebras of the Vietoris
monad on compact Hausdorff spaces.Comment: One error in Example 1.9 is corrected; Section 4 works now without
the assuming core-compactnes
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