Meaningful Human Control over Smart Home Systems: A Value Sensitive Design Approach

The last decade has witnessed the mass distribution and adoption of smart home systems and devices powered by artificial intelligence systems ranging from household appliances like fridges and toasters to more background systems such as air and water quality controllers. The pervasiveness of these sociotechnical systems makes analyzing their ethical implications necessary during the design phases of these devices to ensure not only sociotechnical resilience, but to design them for human values in mind and thus preserve meaningful human control over them. This paper engages in a conceptual investigations of how meaningful human control over smart home devices can be attained through design. The value sensitive design (VSD) approach is proposed as a way of attaining this level of control. In the proposed framework, values are identified and defined, stakeholder groups are investigated and brought into the design process and the technical constraints of the technologies in question are considered. The paper concludes with some initial examples that illustrate a more adoptable way forward for both ethicists and engineers of smart home devices

Exploring the barriers and facilitators experienced by physiotherapists and patients with musculoskeletal conditions when using Digital Health Interventions as a self management approach in Saudi Arabia: a sequential explanatory mixed method study

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions constitute a significant public health challenge due to their increasing incidence and potential severe negative impact on patients' quality of life. One recommended treatment is self management, endorsed in MSK management guidelines, including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline (2021). Self management for MSKs can be delivered via digital health interventions (DHIs), which is the term referred to as the delivery of healthcare and the translatio n of information, knowledge, and communication via digital technologies to help the individual manage their health and well being. Purpose: The present thesis aims to determine and identify barriers and facilitators to recommending and using DHIs by MSK patients and physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study used sequential explanatory mixed methods. A cross sectional design utilised an online questionnaire based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and cultural factors for two populations (MSK patients and physiotherap ists). Eighteen users (11 physiotherapists and seven patients with different MSKs) were interviewed within seven physiotherapy departments. This study was conducted during the time period when the use of DHIs was made mandatory by the Ministry of Health (MOH). An audio recording, verbatim transcription, and English translation of the interviews were conducted. Descriptive analysis was used to interpret the quantitative data, and reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Findings: The questionnaire was completed by 143 respondents (76 physiotherapists and 67 MSK patients). Regarding the patient's characteristics, the most common condition for patients was low back pain (LBP) 46.3% and arthritis 25.4 %, with the majority being chron ic conditions (71.6 %). The experience level of utilising DHIs up to two months was common for physiotherapists and less than two months for patients. Almost 90% of patients received no training before using DHIs. Regarding the UTAUT framework, there were mixed views on the compatibility of DHIs with patients’ needs. However, both physiotherapists and patients agreed that DHIs improved their therapeutic relationships. Notably, both the physiotherapists and patients also had a substantial level of agreement about their intentions to use and expectations of using DHIs in the future. their rate of agreement was lower for using DHI regularly. Four themes were identified under thematic analysis, revealing the areas that support the utilisation of DHIs DHIs. Concepts reported within all four themes included aspects, such as perceived effectiveness, patients' willingness to use DHIs, cultural impact, and social influences. The study indicate d that physiotherapists who used DHIs before the health delivery organisation deemed this type of delivery mandatory were likely to recommend DHIs to patients with MSKs. Conclusion: The study reveals that despite initials challenges, such as lack of training and mixed views on compatibility with patient needs, DHIs were viewed positively by both physiotherapists and patients for managing MSK disorders. Although there is a high agreement among physiotherapists and patients about their intentions and expectations to use DHIs in the future, efforts should be made to enhance their regular use in Saudi Arabia. Implications and recommendations: The study contributes both theoretical and practical implications. Concerning its theoretical contribution, it enriches the literature on DHIs by using the associated constructs of the UTAUT model. Its practical contribution offers valuable information to guide and support the implementation of DHI and training of public hospital physiotherapists and enhance MSK patients' awareness of the benefits of using DHIs. Having physiotherapists who are familiar with DHIs and can demonstrate ways to apply them is a physiotherapists who are familiar with DHIs and can demonstrate ways to apply them is a potentially effective strategy to increase the use of this treatment method potentially effective strategy to increase the use of this treatment method Further research is Further research is needed to provide insight into the barriers and facilitators that nonneeded to provide insight into the barriers and facilitators that non--users of DHIs may users of DHIs may encounter because the current study only included users of DHIs.encounter because the current study only included users of DHIs

Eye quietness and quiet eye in expert and novice golf performance: an electrooculographic analysis

Quiet eye (QE) is the final ocular fixation on the target of an action (e.g., the ball in golf putting). Camerabased eye-tracking studies have consistently found longer QE durations in experts than novices; however, mechanisms underlying QE are not known. To offer a new perspective we examined the feasibility of measuring the QE using electrooculography (EOG) and developed an index to assess ocular activity across time: eye quietness (EQ). Ten expert and ten novice golfers putted 60 balls to a 2.4 m distant hole. Horizontal EOG (2ms resolution) was recorded from two electrodes placed on the outer sides of the eyes. QE duration was measured using a EOG voltage threshold and comprised the sum of the pre-movement and post-movement initiation components. EQ was computed as the standard deviation of the EOG in 0.5 s bins from –4 to +2 s, relative to backswing initiation: lower values indicate less movement of the eyes, hence greater quietness. Finally, we measured club-ball address and swing durations. T-tests showed that total QE did not differ between groups (p = .31); however, experts had marginally shorter pre-movement QE (p = .08) and longer post-movement QE (p < .001) than novices. A group × time ANOVA revealed that experts had less EQ before backswing initiation and greater EQ after backswing initiation (p = .002). QE durations were inversely correlated with EQ from –1.5 to 1 s (rs = –.48 - –.90, ps = .03 - .001). Experts had longer swing durations than novices (p = .01) and, importantly, swing durations correlated positively with post-movement QE (r = .52, p = .02) and negatively with EQ from 0.5 to 1s (r = –.63, p = .003). This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring ocular activity using EOG and validates EQ as an index of ocular activity. Its findings challenge the dominant perspective on QE and provide new evidence that expert-novice differences in ocular activity may reflect differences in the kinematics of how experts and novices execute skills

Health Promotion in Health Care - Vital Theories and Research

This Open Access textbook represents a vital contribution to global health education, offering insights into health promotion as part of patient care for bachelor’s and master’s students in health care (nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, radiotherapists, social care workers etc.) as well as health care professionals, and providing an overview of the field of health science and health promotion for PhD students and researchers.  Written by leading experts from seven countries in Europe, America, Africa and Asia, it first discusses the theory of health promotion and vital concepts. It then presents updated evidence-based health promotion approaches in different populations (people with chronic diseases, cancer, heart failure, dementia, mental disorders, long-term ICU patients, elderly individuals, families with newborn babies, palliative care patients) and examines different health promotion approaches integrated into primary care services.  This edited scientific anthology provides much-needed knowledge, translating research into guidelines for practice. Today’s medical approaches are highly developed; however, patients are human beings with a wholeness of body-mind-spirit. As such, providing high-quality and effective health care requires a holistic physical-psychological-social-spiritual model of health care is required. A great number of patients, both in hospitals and in primary health care, suffer from the lack of a holistic oriented health approach: Their condition is treated, but they feel scared, helpless and lonely. Health promotion focuses on improving people’s health in spite of illnesses. Accordingly, health care that supports/promotes patients’ health by identifying their health resources will result in better patient outcomes: shorter hospital stays, less re-hospitalization, being better able to cope at home and improved well-being, which in turn lead to lower health-care costs.  This scientific anthology is the first of its kind, in that it connects health promotion with the salutogenic theory of health throughout the chapters. the authors here expand the understanding of health promotion beyond health protection and disease prevention. The book focuses on describing and explaining salutogenesis as an umbrella concept, not only as the key concept of sense of coherence. publishedVersio