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Isu atau masalah rasuah menjadi topik utama sama ada di peringkat antarabangsa mahupun di peringkat dalam negara. Pertubuhan Bangsa- bangsa Bersatu menegaskan komitmen komuniti antarabangsa bertegas untuk mencegah dan mengawal rasuah melalui buku bertajuk United Nations Convention against Corruption. Hal yang sama berlaku di Malaysia. Melalui pernyataan visi oleh mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamed memberikan indikasi bahawa kerajaan Malaysia komited untuk mencapai aspirasi agar Malaysia dikenali kerana integriti dan bukannya rasuah. Justeru, tujuan penulisan bab ini adalah untuk membincangkan rasuah dari beberapa sudut termasuk perbincangan dari sudut agama Islam, faktor-faktor berlakunya gejala rasuah, dan usaha-usaha yang dijalankan di Malaysia untuk membanteras gejala rasuah. Perkara ini penting bagi mengenalpasti penjawat awam menanamkan keyakinan dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawab dengan menghindari diri daripada rasuah agar mereka sentiasa peka mengutamakan kepentingan awam

Analyzing Energy-efficiency and Route-selection of Multi-level Hierarchal Routing Protocols in WSNs

The advent and development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in recent years has seen the growth of extremely small and low-cost sensors that possess sensing, signal processing and wireless communication capabilities. These sensors can be expended at a much lower cost and are capable of detecting conditions such as temperature, sound, security or any other system. A good protocol design should be able to scale well both in energy heterogeneous and homogeneous environment, meet the demands of different application scenarios and guarantee reliability. On this basis, we have compared six different protocols of different scenarios which are presenting their own schemes of energy minimizing, clustering and route selection in order to have more effective communication. This research is motivated to have an insight that which of the under consideration protocols suit well in which application and can be a guide-line for the design of a more robust and efficient protocol. MATLAB simulations are performed to analyze and compare the performance of LEACH, multi-level hierarchal LEACH and multihop LEACH.Comment: NGWMN with 7th IEEE Inter- national Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA 2012), Victoria, Canada, 201

Energy Aware Clustering and Aggregate Node Rotation with Sink Relocation in WSN

As the WSN used in industrial and Environmental monitoring the most critical issues in the WSN is to reduce the energy consumption to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. The intermediate hop nodes are working throughout the data transmission so those nodes drain out their energy which automatically reduces the life time of the wireless sensor network. To overcome these drawbacks the EAC-ASR protocol (Energy Aware Clustering Aggregate Node Rotation) with sink relocation method four important processes which are present in this protocol was Clustering, data aggregation, mobile node rotation by swapping algorithm and sink relocation are applied. In this paper theoretical analysis and the simulation analysis are done and the result shows that the EAC-ASR protocol reduces the energy consumption and increase the energy efficiency. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150316

Use of Clustering-based Routing Protocols in Low Power and Lossy Networks � A Survey

Internet of Things (IoT) is the one of the emerging field today, which consists of various resource-constrained devices that are limited in resources and work in the lossy wireless network. Therefore, IoT requires efficient routing protocol so that devices can communicate fast and power efficiently. Among different protocols available for wireless networks, Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a protocol specially standardized by IETF for efficient communication between IoT devices. Routing technique is one of the important factors of a routing protocol, which affects the performance of a protocol. In recent years, researchers contributed to improving RPL performance by providing various solutions and clustering is one of those ways to improve RPL performance by using Cluster- parent based Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG). In this paper, we discuss the various clustering-based routing protocols in a Low power and lossy networks (LLNs) and concludes that this survey might be helpful for future researchers

Non-Metaheuristic Clustering Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Cooperative Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Study

 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are now considered a vital technology that enables the gathering and distribution of data in various applications, such as environmental monitoring and industrial automation. Nevertheless, the finite energy resources of sensor nodes pose significant obstacles to the long-term viability and effectiveness of these networks. Researchers have developed and studied various non-meta algorithms to improve energy efficiency, data transfer, and network lifespan. These efforts contribute to enhancing cooperative communication modules. This analysis conducts a detailed examination and comparative evaluation of different well-known clustering methods in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), providing significant insights for improving cooperative communication. Our purpose is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the contributions of these algorithms to improving energy efficiency in WSNs. This will be achieved by examining their practical implementations, underlying mathematical principles, strengths, shortcomings, real-world applications, and potential for further improvement

A Comprehensive Review of Distributed Coding Algorithms for Visual Sensor Network (VSN)

Since the invention of low cost camera, it has been widely incorporated into the sensor node in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to form the Visual Sensor Network (VSN). However, the use of camera is bringing with it a set of new challenges, because all the sensor nodes are powered by batteries. Hence, energy consumption is one of the most critical issues that have to be taken into consideration. In addition to this, the use of batteries has also limited the resources (memory, processor) that can be incorporated into the sensor node. The life time of a VSN decreases quickly as the image is transferred to the destination. One of the solutions to the aforementioned problem is to reduce the data to be transferred in the network by using image compression. In this paper, a comprehensive survey and analysis of distributed coding algorithms that can be used to encode images in VSN is provided. This also includes an overview of these algorithms, together with their advantages and deficiencies when implemented in VSN. These algorithms are then compared at the end to determine the algorithm that is more suitable for VSN

Data Aggregation and its Impact on Overall QoS of Lossy Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey

In Wireless sensor network, packet loss due to buffer overflow of sensor nodes and the delay caused due to retransmission of that lost packet is a major problem. So a big challenge is to improve the delay performance along with reliability of WSN. The goal of the proposed system is to broadcast sensed data to focus on delay performance. Also congestion at collector node due to duplicate sensed data in network is reduced by data aggregation, for this we compute a function at the collector node from the information gathered by spatially distributed sensor nodes. Because wireless sensor network applications require various levels of communication reliability (CR), the data transmission should satisfy the desired CR of the applications. Here, we propose a flexible loss recovery mechanism (called Active Caching) for sensor network applications with various CRs. The proposed scheme caches data packets at intermediate nodes over routing paths computed by CR to retransmit lost packets during multi-hop transmissions. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150516

Performance analysis of Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in large scale networks

With growing needs to better understand our environments, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is gaining importance among information and communication technologies. IoT will enable billions of intelligent devices and networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), to be connected and integrated with computer networks. In order to support large scale networks, IETF has defined the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) to facilitate the multi-hop connectivity. In this paper, we provide an in-depth review of current research activities. Specifically, the large scale simulation development and performance evaluation under various objective functions and routing metrics are pioneering works in RPL study. The results are expected to serve as a reference for evaluating the effectiveness of routing solutions in large scale IoT use cases

Clustering and Data collection in Wireless Sensor network using Dual Data Uploading

In this project, a three-layer framework is proposed for mobile data collection in wireless sensor networks, which includes the sensor layer, cluster head layer, and mobile collector (called SenCar) layer. The framework employs distributed load balanced clustering and dual data uploading, which is referred to as LBC-DDU. The objective is to achieve good scalability, long network lifetime and low data collection latency. At the sensor layer, a distributed load balanced clustering (LBC) algorithm is proposed for sensors to self-organize themselves into clusters. In contrast to existing clustering methods, our scheme generates multiple cluster heads in each cluster to balance the work load and facilitate dual data uploading. At the cluster head layer, the inter-cluster transmission range is carefully chosen to guarantee the connectivity among the clusters. Multiple cluster heads within a cluster cooperate with each other to perform energy-saving inter-cluster communications. Through inter-cluster transmissions, cluster head information is forwarded to SenCar for its moving trajectory planning. At the mobile collector layer, SenCar is equipped with two antennas, which enables two cluster heads to simultaneously upload data to SenCar in each time by utilizing multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technique. The trajectory planning for SenCar is optimized to fully utilize dual data uploading capability by properly selecting polling points in each cluster. By visiting each selected polling point, SenCar can efficiently gather data from cluster heads and transport the data to the static data sink. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed LBC-DDU scheme. The results show that when each cluster has at most two cluster heads, LBC-DDU achieves over 50 percent energy saving per node and 60 percent energy saving on cluster heads comparing with data collection through multi-hop relay to the static data sink, and 20 percent shorter data collection time compared to traditional mobile data gathering.