7 research outputs found
Can Collimated Extraterrestrial Signals be Intercepted?
The Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (OSETI) attempts to
detect collimated, narrowband pulses of electromagnetic radiation. These pulses
may either consist of signals intentionally directed at the Earth, or signals
between two star systems with a vector that unintentionally intersects the
Solar System, allowing Earth to intercept the communication. But should we
expect to be able to intercept these unintentional signals? And what
constraints can we place upon the frequency of intelligent civilisations if we
do?
We carry out Monte Carlo Realisation simulations of interstellar
communications between civilisations in the Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ) using
collimated beams. We measure the frequency with which beams between two stars
are intercepted by a third. The interception rate increases linearly with the
fraction of communicating civilisations, and as the cube of the beam opening
angle, which is somewhat stronger than theoretical expectations, which we argue
is due to the geometry of the GHZ. We find that for an annular GHZ containing
10,000 civilisations, intersections are unlikely unless the beams are
relatively uncollimated.
These results indicate that optical SETI is more likely to find signals
deliberately directed at the Earth than accidentally intercepting collimated
communications. Equally, civilisations wishing to establish a network of
communicating species may use weakly collimated beams to build up the network
through interception, if they are willing to pay a cost penalty that is lower
than that meted by fully isotropic beacons. Future SETI searches should
consider the possibility that communicating civilisations will attempt to
strike a balance between optimising costs and encouraging contact between
civilisations, and look for weakly collimated pulses as well as narrow-beam
pulses directed deliberately at the Earth.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in JBI
Challenges in Scientific Data Communication from Low-Mass Interstellar Probes
A downlink for the return of scientific data from space probes at
interstellar distances is studied. The context is probes moving at relativistic
speed using a terrestrial directed-energy beam for propulsion, necessitating
very-low mass probes. Achieving simultaneous communication from a swarm of
probes launched at regular intervals to a target at the distance of Proxima
Centauri is addressed. The analysis focuses on fundamental physical and
statistical communication limitations on downlink performance rather than a
concrete implementation. Transmission time/distance and probe mass are chosen
to achieve the best data latency vs volume tradeoff. Challenges in targeting
multiple probe trajectories with a single receiver are addressed, including
multiplexing, parallax, and target star proper motion. Relevant sources of
background radiation, including cosmic, atmospheric, and receiver dark count
are identified and estimated. Direct detection enables high photon efficiency
and incoherent aperture combining. A novel burst pulse-position modulation
(BPPM) beneficially expands the optical bandwidth and ameliorates receiver dark
counts. A canonical receive optical collector combines minimum transmit power
with constrained swarm-probe coverage. Theoretical limits on reliable data
recovery and sensitivity to the various BPPM model parameters are applied,
including a wide range of total collector areas. Significant near-term
technological obstacles are identified. Enabling innovations include a high
peak-to-average power ratio, a large source extinguishing factor, the shortest
atmosphere-transparent wavelength to minimize target star interference,
adaptive optics for atmospheric turbulence, very selective bandpass filtering
(possibly with multiple passbands), very low dark-count single-photon
superconducting detectors, and very accurate attitude control and pointing
mechanisms