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    μ‹œκ°ν™” μ΄ˆμ‹¬μžμ—κ²Œ μ‹œκ°μ  비ꡐλ₯Ό λ•λŠ” 정보 μ‹œκ°ν™” 기술의 λ””μžμΈ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 컴퓨터곡학뢀,2020. 2. μ„œμ§„μš±.The visual comparison is one of the fundamental tasks in information visualization (InfoVis) that enables people to organize, evaluate, and combine information fragmented in visualizations. For example, people perform visual comparison tasks to compare data over time, from different sources, or with different analytic models. While the InfoVis community has focused on understanding the effectiveness of different visualization designs for supporting visual comparison tasks, it is still unclear how to design effective comparative visualizations due to several limitations: (1) Empirical findings and practical implications from those studies are fragmented, and (2) we lack user studies that directly investigated the effectiveness of different visualization designs for visual comparison. In this dissertation, we present the results of three studies to build our knowledge on how to support effective visual comparison to InfoVis novices⁠—general people who are not familiar with visual representations and visual data exploration process. Identifying the major stages in the visualization construction process where novices confront challenges with visual comparison tasks, we explored two high-level comparison tasks with actual users: comparing visual mapping (encoding barrier) and comparing information (interpretation barrier) in visualizations. First, we conducted a systematical literature review on research papers (N = 104) that focused on supporting visual comparison tasks to gather and organize the practical insights that researchers gained in the wild. From this study, we offered implications for designing comparative visualizations, such as actionable guidelines, as well as the lucid categorization of comparative designs which can help researchers explore the design space. In the second study, we performed a qualitative user study (N = 24) to investigate how novices compare and understand visual mapping suggested in a visual-encoding recommendation interface. Based on the study, we present novices' main challenges in using visual encoding recommendations and design implications as remedies. In the third study, we conducted a design study in the area on bioinformatics to design and implement a visual analytics tool, XCluSim, that helps users to compare multiple clustering results. Case studies with a bioinformatician showed that our system enables analysts to easily evaluate the quality of a large number of clustering results. Based on the results of three studies in this dissertation, we suggest a future research agenda, such as designing recommendations for visual comparison and distinguishing InfoVis novices from experts.μ‹œκ°μ  λΉ„κ΅λŠ” 정보 μ‹œκ°ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 핡심적인 데이터 뢄석 κ³Όμ • 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œμ¨, λΆ„μ‚°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 정보듀을 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ 정리, 평가, 병합할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ•λŠ”λ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‹œκ°„μ˜ 흐름에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜, μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 좜처의 데이터λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, 같은 데이터λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ 뢄석 λͺ¨λΈλ“€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹œκ°μ  비ꡐ 과업을 ν”νžˆ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. 효과적인 μ‹œκ°ν™” λ””μžμΈμ„ μœ„ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 연ꡬ가 정보 μ‹œκ°ν™” λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 이루어지고 μžˆλŠ” 반면, μ–΄λ–€ λ””μžμΈμ„ 톡해 효과적으둜 μ‹œκ°μ  비ꡐλ₯Ό 지원할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” λ‹€μŒμ˜ μ œμ•½λ“€λ‘œ 인해 μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λΆˆλΆ„λͺ…ν•˜λ‹€. (1) κ²½ν—˜μ  톡찰듀과 μ‹€μš©μ  섀계 지침듀이 νŒŒνŽΈν™”λ˜μ–΄ 있으며 (2) 비ꡐ μ‹œκ°ν™”λ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μž μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ œν•œμ μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹œκ°ν™” μ΄ˆμ‹¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 효과적으둜 μ‹œκ°μ  비ꡐλ₯Ό μ§€μ›ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 정보 μ‹œκ°ν™” λ””μžμΈ 방법을 더 깊이 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 일련의 μ„Έ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ³  이에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. νŠΉλ³„νžˆ, μ‹œκ°ν™” μ΄ˆμ‹¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹œκ°μ  비ꡐλ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œ 어렀움을 κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 두 μ£Όμš” μ‹œκ°ν™” 단계λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹œκ°μ  인코딩 비ꡐ (인코딩 μž₯λ²½) 및 정보 비ꡐ (해석 μž₯λ²½) 과업듀에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ˜λ‹€. 첫째, 비ꡐ μ‹œκ°ν™” λ””μžμΈμ„ μ œμ‹œν•œ λ¬Έν—Œλ“€(N = 104)을 μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 쑰사 및 λΆ„μ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ‹œκ°ν™” μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©μž μ‹€ν—˜κ³Ό μ‹œκ°ν™” 섀계 과정을 톡해 얻은 μ‹€μš©μ  톡찰듀을 μ •λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 λ¬Έν—Œμ‘°μ‚¬λ₯Ό 기반으둜 비ꡐ μ‹œκ°ν™” 섀계에 λŒ€ν•œ 지침듀을 μ •λ¦½ν•˜κ³ , 비ꡐ μ‹œκ°ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ λ””μžμΈ 곡간을 더 깊이 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  νƒμƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œκ°ν™” λΆ„λ₯˜ 및 μ˜ˆμ‹œλ“€μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ΄ˆμ‹¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹œκ°ν™” μΆ”μ²œ μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκ°μ  인코딩듀을 μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©μž μ‹€ν—˜(N = 24)을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 기반으둜, μ΄ˆμ‹¬μžλ“€μ˜ μ£Όμš” 어렀움듀과 이듀을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ””μžμΈ 지침듀을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 생λͺ…μ •λ³΄ν•™μžκ°€ μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μˆ˜ 개의 ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ§ 결과듀을 비ꡐ 및 뢄석할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ” μ‹œκ°ν™” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ, XCluSim을 λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³  κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” λ””μžμΈ μŠ€ν„°λ””λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 사둀 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 생λͺ…μ •λ³΄ν•™μžκ°€ XCluSim을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Žμ€ ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°λ§ 결과듀을 μ‰½κ²Œ 비ꡐ 및 평가할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, 이 μ„Έ 연ꡬ 결과듀을 기반으둜 비ꡐ μ‹œκ°ν™” λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μœ λ§ν•œ ν–₯ν›„ 연ꡬ듀을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€.CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Questions and Approaches 4 1.2.1 Revisiting Comparative Layouts: Design Space, Guidelines, and Future Directions 5 1.2.2 Understanding How InfoVis Novices Compare Visual Encoding Recommendation 6 1.2.3 Designing XCluSim: a Visual Analytics System for Comparing Multiple Clustering Results 7 1.3 Dissertation Outline 8 CHAPTER 2. Related Work 9 2.1 Visual Comparison Tasks 9 2.2 Visualization Designs for Comparison 10 2.2.1 Gleicher et al.s Comparative Layout 11 2.3 Understanding InfoVis Novices 12 2.4 Visualization Recommendation Interfaces 13 2.5 Comparative Visualizations for Cluster Analysis 14 CHAPTER 3. Comparative Layouts Revisited: Design Space, Guidelines, and Future Directions 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Literature Review 21 3.2.1 Method 22 3.3 Comparative Layouts in The Wild 23 3.3.1 Classifying Comparison Tasks in User Studies 25 3.3.2 Same LayoutIs Called Differently 26 3.3.3 Lucid Classification of Comparative Layouts 28 3.3.4 Advantages and Concerns of Using Each Layout 30 3.3.5 Trade-offs between Comparative Layouts 36 3.3.6 Approaches to Overcome the Concerns 38 3.3.7 Comparative Layout Explorer 42 3.4 Discussion 42 3.4.1 Guidelines for Comparative Layouts 44 3.4.2 Promising Directions for Future Research 48 3.5 Summary 49 CHAPTER 4. Understanding How InfoVis Novices Compare Visual Encoding Recommendation 51 4.1 Motivation 51 4.2 Interface 53 4.2.1 Visualization Goals 53 4.2.2 Recommendations 54 4.2.3 Representation Methods for Recommendations 54 4.2.4 Interface 58 4.2.5 Pilot Study 61 4.3 User Study 62 4.3.1 Participants 62 4.3.2 Interface 62 4.3.3 Tasks and Datasets 65 4.3.4 Procedure. 65 4.4 Findings 68 4.4.1 Poor Design Decisions 68 4.4.2 Role of Preview, Animated Transition, and Text 69 4.4.3 Challenges For Understanding Recommendations 70 4.4.4 Learning By Doing 71 4.4.5 Effects of Recommendation Order 71 4.4.6 Personal Criteria for Selecting Recommendations 72 4.5 Discussion 73 4.5.1 Design Implications 73 4.5.2 Limitations and FutureWork 75 4.6 Summary 77 CHAPTER 5. Designing XCluSim: a Visual Analytics System for Comparing Multiple Clustering Results 78 5.1 Motivation 78 5.2 Task Analysis and Design Goals 79 5.3 XCluSim 80 5.3.1 Color Encoding of Clusters Using Tree Colors 82 5.3.2 Overview of All Clustering Results 83 5.3.3 Visualization for Comparing Selected Clustering Results 86 5.3.4 Visualization for Individual Clustering Results 92 5.3.5 Implementation 100 5.4 CaseStudy 100 5.4.1 Elucidating the Role of Ferroxidase in Cryptococcus Neoformans Var. Grubii H99 (CaseStudy 1) 100 5.4.2 Finding a Clustering Result that Clearly Represents Biological Relations (CaseStudy 2) 103 5.5 Discussion 106 5.5.1 Limitations and FutureWork 108 5.6 Summary 108 CHAPTER 6. Future Research Agenda 110 6.0.1 Recommendation for Visual Comparison 110 6.0.2 Understanding the Perception of Subtle Difference 111 6.0.3 Distinguishing InfoVis Novices from Experts 112 CHAPTER 7. Conclusion. 113 Abstract (Korean) 129 Acknowledgments (Korean) 131Docto
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