19 research outputs found
Quantum Integer Programming: an Annealing approach to the Job Shop Scheduling problem
openIn this thesis i developed a complete workflow to get optimal solutions of the JSS problem.
During this work i deeply analized many of the steps required in the usage of quantum annealers. In detail i tested 2 different approaches to the minor-embedding procedure and compared them with the current default euristic implemented by Dwave.
I also tested an hybrid algorithm wich extract the elements of the Graver basis of the problem and then augment an initial feasible solution to obtain an optimal one.
The obtained results shows that the quantum annealers can get to optimal solutions in a competitive time but, due to the limited numer of working qubits and the sparse connectivity among them, only small instances can be efficiently solved with the current hardware.In this thesis i developed a complete workflow to get optimal solutions of the JSS problem.
During this work i deeply analized many of the steps required in the usage of quantum annealers. In detail i tested 2 different approaches to the minor-embedding procedure and compared them with the current default euristic implemented by Dwave.
I also tested an hybrid algorithm wich extract the elements of the Graver basis of the problem and then augment an initial feasible solution to obtain an optimal one.
The obtained results shows that the quantum annealers can get to optimal solutions in a competitive time but, due to the limited numer of working qubits and the sparse connectivity among them, only small instances can be efficiently solved with the current hardware
Benchmarking Advantage and D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealers with exact cover problems
We benchmark the quantum processing units of the largest quantum annealers to
date, the 5000+ qubit quantum annealer Advantage and its 2000+ qubit
predecessor D-Wave 2000Q, using tail assignment and exact cover problems from
aircraft scheduling scenarios. The benchmark set contains small, intermediate,
and large problems with both sparsely connected and almost fully connected
instances. We find that Advantage outperforms D-Wave 2000Q for almost all
problems, with a notable increase in success rate and problem size. In
particular, Advantage is also able to solve the largest problems with 120
logical qubits that D-Wave 2000Q cannot solve anymore. Furthermore, problems
that can still be solved by D-Wave 2000Q are solved faster by Advantage. We
find, however, that D-Wave 2000Q can achieve better success rates for sparsely
connected problems that do not require the many new couplers present on
Advantage, so improving the connectivity of a quantum annealer does not per se
improve its performance.Comment: new experiments to test the conjecture about unused couplers
(appendix B
Benchmarking quantum annealing with maximum cardinality matching problems
We benchmark Quantum Annealing (QA) vs. Simulated Annealing (SA) with a focus on the impact of the embedding of problems onto the different topologies of the D-Wave quantum annealers. The series of problems we study are especially designed instances of the maximum cardinality matching problem that are easy to solve classically but difficult for SA and, as found experimentally, not easy for QA either. In addition to using several D-Wave processors, we simulate the QA process by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We find that the embedded problems can be significantly more difficult than the unembedded problems, and some parameters, such as the chain strength, can be very impactful for finding the optimal solution. Thus, finding a good embedding and optimal parameter values can improve the results considerably. Interestingly, we find that although SA succeeds for the unembedded problems, the SA results obtained for the embedded version scale quite poorly in comparison with what we can achieve on the D-Wave quantum annealers
Embedding of Complete Graphs in Broken Chimera Graphs
In order to solve real world combinatorial optimization problems with a
D-Wave quantum annealer it is necessary to embed the problem at hand into the
D-Wave hardware graph, namely Chimera or Pegasus. Most hard real world problems
exhibit a strong connectivity. For the worst case scenario of a complete graph,
there exists an efficient solution for the embedding into the ideal Chimera
graph. However, since real machines almost always have broken qubits it is
necessary to find an embedding into the broken hardware graph.
We present a new approach to the problem of embedding complete graphs into
broken Chimera graphs. This problem can be formulated as an optimization
problem, more precisely as a matching problem with additional linear
constraints. Although being NP-hard in general it is fixed parameter tractable
in the number of inaccessible vertices in the Chimera graph. We tested our
exact approach on various instances of broken hardware graphs, both related to
real hardware as well as randomly generated. For fixed runtime, we were able to
embed larger complete graphs compared to previous, heuristic approaches. As an
extension, we developed a fast heuristic algorithm which enables us to solve
even larger instances. We compared the performance of our heuristic and exact
approaches.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, 2 table
Quantum Radio Astronomy: Quantum Linear Solvers for Redundant Baseline Calibration
The computational requirements of future large scale radio telescopes are
expected to scale well beyond the capabilities of conventional digital
resources. Current and planned telescopes are generally limited in their
scientific potential by their ability to efficiently process the vast volumes
of generated data. To mitigate this problem, we investigate the viability of
emerging quantum computers for radio astronomy applications. In this a paper we
demonstrate the potential use of variational quantum linear solvers in Noisy
Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers and combinatorial solvers in
quantum annealers for a radio astronomy calibration pipeline. While we
demonstrate that these approaches can lead to satisfying results when
integrated in calibration pipelines, we show that current restrictions of
quantum hardware limit their applicability and performance
Advanced unembedding techniques for quantum annealers
The D-Wave quantum annealers make it possible to obtain high quality
solutions of NP-hard problems by mapping a problem in a QUBO (quadratic
unconstrained binary optimization) or Ising form to the physical qubit
connectivity structure on the D-Wave chip. However, the latter is restricted in
that only a fraction of all pairwise couplers between physical qubits exists.
Modeling the connectivity structure of a given problem instance thus
necessitates the computation of a minor embedding of the variables in the
problem specification onto the logical qubits, which consist of several
physical qubits "chained" together to act as a logical one. After annealing, it
is however not guaranteed that all chained qubits get the same value (-1 or +1
for an Ising model, and 0 or 1 for a QUBO), and several approaches exist to
assign a final value to each logical qubit (a process called "unembedding"). In
this work, we present tailored unembedding techniques for four important
NP-hard problems: the Maximum Clique, Maximum Cut, Minimum Vertex Cover, and
Graph Partitioning problems. Our techniques are simple and yet make use of
structural properties of the problem being solved. Using Erd\H{o}s-R\'enyi
random graphs as inputs, we compare our unembedding techniques to three popular
ones (majority vote, random weighting, and minimize energy). We demonstrate
that our proposed algorithms outperform the currently available ones in that
they yield solutions of better quality, while being computationally equally
efficient
Skipper: Improving the Reach and Fidelity of Quantum Annealers by Skipping Long Chains
Quantum Annealers (QAs) operate as single-instruction machines, lacking a
SWAP operation to overcome limited qubit connectivity. Consequently, multiple
physical qubits are chained to form a program qubit with higher connectivity,
resulting in a drastically diminished effective QA capacity by up to 33x. We
observe that in QAs: (a) chain lengths exhibit a power-law distribution, a few
dominant chains holding substantially more qubits than others; and (b) about
25% of physical qubits remain unused, getting isolated between these chains. We
propose Skipper, a software technique that enhances the capacity and fidelity
of QAs by skipping dominant chains and substituting their program qubit with
two readout results. Using a 5761-qubit QA, we demonstrate that Skipper can
tackle up to 59% (Avg. 28%) larger problems when eleven chains are skipped.
Additionally, Skipper can improve QA fidelity by up to 44% (Avg. 33%) when
cutting five chains (32 runs). Users can specify up to eleven chain cuts in
Skipper, necessitating about 2,000 distinct quantum executable runs. To
mitigate this, we introduce Skipper-G, a greedy scheme that skips sub-problems
less likely to hold the global optimum, executing a maximum of 23 quantum
executables with eleven chain trims. Skipper-G can boost QA fidelity by up to
41% (Avg. 29%) when cutting five chains (11 runs)