INNOVATIVE CITY IN WEST CHINA CHONGQING

This working paper offers insights on science and technology in China with supporting official and interview data. The paper, as evidenced from the title, is indicating the future role of Chongqing and its evolution primarily focusing on the period of rapid development of the Municipality after Chongqing became a political entity on the same level as provinces of China. This has coincided with the planning, construction and completion of the Three Gorges Dam Project involving the resettlement of 1,000,000 people – most them coming to the rural areas Chongqing Municipality. Three major sub-themes are highlighted. First, the city played important role during more than 2000 years of its history (in 1981, for example it became first inland port in China open for foreign commerce). In the XX century Chongqing was national capital during the Second World War and the Japanese invasion (Nationalists government). Since then it enjoyed higher political status and economic independence than any other city of the same size in whole western China. Second, the municipality’s geographical position and demographic condition makes it quite unique in West China. It has a population of 31 million, an area of 82 square km, a population density of 379 persons per km2 and a location at the upper reaches of Chang (Yangtze) River. This makes it the gate of Southwest China. Third, Chongqing has a strong basic multi-faced economy in the region. Central investment since the 1950s has assisted the development of a relatively strong modern industrial base in the city. Despite the post-Mao reform era’s impact on social and economic disparities as between the coastal areas and the west, Chongqing remains one of the China’s strongest city economies. Its industrial output value ranked 11th among the 35 biggest city economies in China in 2000, though it ranked behind the top ten most industrialized coastal cities, all of which had attracted much greater foreign investment during the reform era. The campaign to Open up the West provides Chongqing with the opportunity to act as the growth pole for a number of less industrialized provincial-level units in north-west and south-west China. Fourth, the initiatives by central authorities and the extraordinary task of Three Gorges Dam project required among other great tasks also relocation of over 1,2 million people, the rebuilding of two cities, eleven county towns and one hundred sixteen townships from the site of Three Gorges Dam water reservoir. Until 2005 there were already almost one million residents resettled. Less than 20 per cent moved outside Chongqing municipality and the majority was to be accommodated within the region of Chongqing Municipality.Regional development; clusters; Regional innovation System (RIS); Development block; competence block; technology system; High Technology Parks; Overview of Science and Technology; FDI

New Trends in Development of Services in the Modern Economy

The services sector strategic development unites a multitude of economic and managerial aspects and is one of the most important problems of economic management. Many researches devoted to this industry study are available. Most of them are performed in the traditional aspect of the voluminous calendar approach to strategic management, characteristic of the national scientific school. Such an approach seems archaic, forming false strategic benchmarks. The services sector is of special scientific interest in this context due to the fact that the social production structure to the services development model attraction in many countries suggests transition to postindustrial economy type where the services sector is a system-supporting sector of the economy. Actively influencing the economy, the services sector in the developed countries dominates in the GDP formation, primary capital accumulation, labor, households final consumption and, finally, citizens comfort of living. However, a clear understanding of the services sector as a hyper-sector permeating all spheres of human activity has not yet been fully developed, although interest in this issue continues to grow among many authors. Target of strategic management of the industry development setting requires substantive content and the services sector target value assessment

Productive Development Policies in Argentina

In contrast to the limited impact of aggregate-level productive development policies (PDPs) in Argentina, micro-level PDPs in several sectors have proven highly successful. This study seeks to understand how these PDPs succeeded in a challenging environment, what kinds of mechanisms were generated to ensure adaptation and learning, and how these PDPs evolved. Of importance is not only policy design and implementation, but also the policymaking. Following a historical overview of PDP in Argentina, the paper presents three case studies: i) the Argentine Technology Fund (FONTAR), a horizontal PDP; ii) the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), a vertical PDP; and iii) the application of both horizontal and vertical PDPs to the biotechnology sector. Lessons learned and conclusions are presented in a final section.Productive Development Policies, Industrial Policy, Policymaking, Argentina

Synergetic value-driven innovation in business model of organic agriculture in China: a case study of IGARDEN

The innovation of business model is an important way for enterprises to gain competitive advantages and achieve sustainable development. With the rapid development of organic agriculture, an increasing number of scholars started to pay more attention to the research on the business model innovation of organic agriculture in recent years. However, most of the studies took the western developed countries as research objects, while research on cases of China’s local entrepreneurs are not often to be found. In order to develop Chinese organic agriculture’s business model innovation theory and to guide the practice, this thesis selects IGARDEN as the research object, and with a value-created perspective we explore the innovation process, path and essential characteristics of its business model by a case study method. Through the case study of IGARDEN, the result shows that: (1) The business model of IGARDEN follows the evolution from product-based to platform-based; (2) IGARDEN’s business model innovation follows the logic of value creation, and the core of value creation is the expression of product value, the increase of platform value and the accumulation of sustainable value; (3) The emergence of synergistic value expands the border of value creation activities, promoting the innovation process of business model. Driven by Synergetic Value, the value creation carrier of IGARDEN has thus facilitated the emergence of new business models; (4) The process of business model innovation in IGARDEN is essentially an iterative process based on value creation, value synergy and value upgrading. The research result has contributed to the potential enrichment of theories related to business model innovation through a specific scope of the business model innovation within the organic agriculture industry of China, and it can be a guide of forming business model innovation strategy for entrepreneurs facing similar business environment as described in the case.A inovação do modelo de negócios é um método importante para as empresas obterem vantagens competitivas e alcançarem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Com o rápido desenvolvimento da agricultura orgânica, um número crescente de estudiosos começou a prestar mais atenção à pesquisa sobre o modelo de negócios da agricultura orgânica nos últimos anos. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos levaram esses países ocidentais desenvolvidos como objetos de pesquisa, enquanto a pesquisa sobre casos de empreendedores locais chineses não costuma ser encontrada. Para desenvolver a teoria da inovação do modelo de negócio da agricultura orgânica chinesa e orientar a prática, esta tese seleciona o IGARDEN como objeto de pesquisa e, com uma perspectiva de valor, exploramos o processo, caminho de inovação e as características essenciais de seu modelo de negócio. Através do estudo de caso do IGARDEN, o resultado mostra que: (1) O modelo de negócio do IGARDEN segue a evolução de baseada em produto para baseada em plataforma; (2) A inovação do modelo de negócios do IGARDEN segue a lógica da criação de valor, e o núcleo da criação de valor é a expressão do valor do produto， o aumento do valor da plataforma e o acúmulo de valor sustentável; (3) O surgimento de valor sinérgico expande a fronteira das atividades de criação de valor, promovendo o processo de inovação do modelo de negócio. Impulsionado pelo Valor Sinérgico, o portador de criação de valor do IGARDEN facilitou o surgimento de novos modelos de negócios; (4) O processo de inovação do modelo de negócios no IGARDEN é essencialmente um processo iterativo baseado na criação de valor, na sinergia de valor e na atualização de valor. O resultado da pesquisa contribuiu para o potencial enriquecimento de teorias relacionadas à inovação do modelo de negócios através de um escopo específico da inovação do modelo de negócios dentro da agricultura orgânica da China, e pode ser um guia de formação de estratégia de inovação de modelo de negócios para empreendedores que enfrentam negócios semelhantes ambiente descrito neste caso

Research on Integration Pattern of Agricultural Product Supply Chain under Electronic Commerce Environment in China: with Zhejiang as an Example

The electronic commerce is a modern emerging agricultural trading pattern, which brings deep influences on the commercial circulation. The traditional agricultural product supply chain consists of the producer, local market of production and sale place, wholesaler and retailer. This pattern features low circulation efficiency and big consumption of the agricultural products. To overcome these problems, the emerging agricultural product supply chain based on electronic commerce seamlessly integrates production, processing, circulation and consumption steps of agricultural products in order to fully share the supply chain information, reduce the trading cost and shorten the trading cycle. By analyzing the current conditions of the agricultural products in Zhejiang province, this paper points out problems in circulation of agricultural products in Zhejiang province, proposes supply chain integration model of agricultural products in Zhejiang province based on electronic commerce, analyzes strengths of the integration model, and proposes the recommended strategy for the supply chain of agricultural products under the electronic commerce environment in China

THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY

Farming is in the midst of a major transformation—not only in technology and production practices, but also in size of business, resource (land) control and operation, business model and linkages with buyers and suppliers. This paper describes the fundamental drivers of today’s structural change in U.S. agriculture. The impact of the drivers are illustrated by describing some illustrations of the kinds of innovative farming operations that are developing in agriculture, not the typical farms but those who appear to be leading and shaping the new agriculture. Finally, farm policy implications of the transformation of farming to an industrial manufacturing model are discussed.Farm policy, industrialization of agriculture, structural change, biological manufacturing

Research on Mode and Risk Prevention of Agricultural Supply Chain Finance based on E-commerce

The rapid development of e-commerce has a profound impact on agricultural supply chain finance (ASCF), which is of great significance to enhance the resilience of agricultural economic development, realize the poverty alleviation effect of agricultural enterprises, integrate agricultural supply chain resources and solve the financing difficulties of agricultural enterprises. We analyze the participants and functions of the ASCF mode based on e-commerce, and the contract framework of various participants when they operate in the ASCF platform in this paper. Based on the agricultural industry chain, we analyze the operation process of accounts receivable financing mode, inventory financing mode and prepayment financing mode based on E-commerce. Finally, in view of the natural risks, credit risks, logistics risks, technical risks and legal risks that may exist in ASCF based on e-commerce, the corresponding countermeasures are put forward from the aspects of dispersing natural risks, building digital credit risk assessment system, building agricultural logistics network system, improving technical risk monitoring system, and improving relevant laws and regulations policy recommendations

IFPRI Annual Report 2007-2008:

Food prices, Poverty reduction, Globalization, Food security Developing countries, Agricultural systems, trade, Markets, Natural resources, World food situation, Social protection, science and technology, Nutrition, Capacity strengthening,

Economic impacts of SEZs: Theoretical approaches and analysis of newly notified SEZs in India

This study aims at examining the economic impacts of SEZs in the Indian context. While doing so, it addresses the conceptual confusion about SEZs, outlines the evolution of SEZs; traces economic philosophies explaining the rationale and benefits of SEZs; extends existing theoretical literature to explain the economic impacts of SEZs; assesses the economic impacts of newly notified SEZs in India; reviews the strategies followed by various state governments in the implementation of the policy ; and draws policy implications. It argues that the existing economic theories donot adequately explain the rationale and contribution of SEZs. These approaches need to be extended by integrating the provisions of the theories of agglomeration economies and global value chains within the existing theoretical frameworks. It analyses the economic impacts of SEZs within the extended theoretical framework. It finds that while SEZs are stimulating direct investment and employment, their role appears to be more valuable in bringing about economic transformation from a resource-led economy to a skill and technology-led economy; from low value added economic activities to high value added economic activities; from low productive sectors to high productive sectors; and from unorganised to organized sectors, both at the national and regional levels. They have the potential of promoting new knowledge intensive industries; augmenting existing industrial clusters/industrial states; diversifying the local industrial base; and localizing global value chain. However, a strategic approach is required to reap the opportunities offered by SEZs.Special economic zones; Exports; FDI; Economic diversification; Agglomeration economies; global value chains;India