Customer Engagement Plans for Peak Load Reduction in Residential Smart Grids

In this paper, we propose and study the effectiveness of customer engagement plans that clearly specify the amount of intervention in customer's load settings by the grid operator for peak load reduction. We suggest two different types of plans, including Constant Deviation Plans (CDPs) and Proportional Deviation Plans (PDPs). We define an adjustable reference temperature for both CDPs and PDPs to limit the output temperature of each thermostat load and to control the number of devices eligible to participate in Demand Response Program (DRP). We model thermostat loads as power throttling devices and design algorithms to evaluate the impact of power throttling states and plan parameters on peak load reduction. Based on the simulation results, we recommend PDPs to the customers of a residential community with variable thermostat set point preferences, while CDPs are suitable for customers with similar thermostat set point preferences. If thermostat loads have multiple power throttling states, customer engagement plans with less temperature deviations from thermostat set points are recommended. Contrary to classical ON/OFF control, higher temperature deviations are required to achieve similar amount of peak load reduction. Several other interesting tradeoffs and useful guidelines for designing mutually beneficial incentives for both the grid operator and customers can also be identified

Asignación óptima de recursos distribuidos coordinados con respuesta a la demanda para una micro-red autosustentable en el complejo agroecológico de investigación y desarrollo productivo San José de Ayora, cantón Cayambe

Esta investigación presenta resultados de una valoración técnica–económica bajo el modelo de optimización de HOMER Energy; en donde se evaluó los recursos energéticos (solar y eólico) en el lugar de estudio para implementar una micro-red que pueda funcionar en modo conectado o aislado a la red de energía pública y, suplir una demanda eléctrica bajo parámetros de calidad, seguridad y eficiencia, garantizando así, un suministro seguro y continuo de energía eléctrica al menor costo posible en el complejo agroecológico de investigación y desarrollo productivo San José de Ayora, cantón Cayambe. Este proyecto de investigación se enfoca en la energía renovable de fuentes no convencionales para obtener la configuración de una red eléctrica híbrida conectada a la red de energía pública que permita satisfacer la demanda del proyecto. El modelo óptimo cuenta con un sistema fotovoltaico (PV), otro de almacenamiento de energía y un sistema de conversión de conectividad a la red pública (DC-AC) facultando así, una penetración de energías renovables del 14.2% al sistema y demostrando que la integración de energías renovables no convencionales en cualquier sistema tradicional es una opción viable que contribuye a la sostenibilidad energética de un país.This research presents results of a technical-economic assessment under the optimization model of HOMER Energy; where, the energy resources (solar and wind) were evaluated at the study site to implement a micro-grid that can operate in a connected or isolated mode to the public energy grid and supply an electricity demand under quality safety and efficiency parameters, thus guaranteeing a safe and continuous supply of electricity at the lowest possible cost in the agroecological complex for research and productive development San José de Ayora, Cayambe canton. This research project is focused on the use of non-conventional renewable energy sources, resulting in the configuration of a hybrid electricity grid connected to the public power grid, which has a photovoltaic generation system, an energy storage system and a conversion system; all this, with a penetration of renewable energies of 14.2% to the system. Demonstrating in this way that the integration of nonconventional renewable energy in any system is a viable option and contributes to the energy sustainability of a country

Otimização multiobjetivo de microrrede utilizando NSGA-II

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Rasi AokiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica. Defesa : Curitiba, 30/04/2021Inclui referências: p. 96-102Área de concentração: Sistemas de EnergiaResumo: A conscientização da sociedade acerca dos fatores ambientais, a busca por maiorautonomia na produção e consumo de energia, além da facilidade de acesso atecnologias resultaram na disseminação da geração distribuída. Neste cenário asmicrorredes surgem como alternativa viável e segura para a utilização destas fontesde energia, devido as suas características de operação. Para a sua devida operação,se faz necessário o seu planejamento por meio da determinação dos pontos ótimosde funcionamento do sistema. Isto é atingido por meio da otimização da operação damicrorrede. O presente trabalho visa desenvolver um modelo de otimizaçãomultiobjetivo de microrrede baseado em NSGA-II, com o intuito de minimizar os custose maximizar a vida útil das baterias. O problema a ser resolvido consiste noestabelecimento do despacho diário das baterias. No modelo foram consideradoselementos da mais próximos da realidade local como estrutura tarifária, tipo degeração, características da rede de distribuição, custos, dentre outros. No cálculo docusto da microrrede foram considerados os custos e as potências dos elementos componentes da rede. Por outro lado, no cálculo da degradação da bateria foi considerado o modelo baseado na degradação por ciclo, na temperatura de operaçãoe na profundidade de descarga. A otimização multiobjetivo foi implementada atravésdos programas OpenDSS e MATLAB®. Os resultados apresentados demonstram aaplicabilidade da metodologia para a operação da microrrede conectada à rede.Abstract: The awareness of society about environmental factors, demand for more selfproductionand consumption of energy in addition to ease of access to technologiesresulted in the dissemination of distributed generation. In this context, microgridsappear as a viable and safe alternative for the use of these energy sources, due totheir operating characteristics. For its proper operation, it is necessary to plan it bydetermining the optimal points of operation of the system. This is achieved by microgridoperation optimization. This present research aims to develop a multiobjectiveoptimization of a microgrid based on NSGA-II, for minimize costs and maximize batterylife. The problem to be solved is the establishment of the daily dispatch of the batteries.In the model local elements in the model such as: tariffs, generation type, distributionsystem characteristics and costs were considered. The costs and powers of thenetworks component elements were considered at the cost of the microgrid. On theother hand, the model based on degradation per cycle, operating temperature anddischarge depth was considered for calculation of battery degradation. Multiobjectiveoptimization was implemented through OpenDSS and MATLAB® softwares. Thepresented results demonstrate the applicability of the methodology for microgridoperation connected to the network

The impact of introducing zonal pricing within GB on investment signals to low carbon generation

This work has investigated the premise that utilising zonal pricing for congestion management within Great Britain (GB) with Scotland as a separate price zone than the rest of GB could disincentivise investment in wind generation within areas of the highest wind resource. Computational modelling has shown consistently less installed wind capacity in Scotland in scenarios representing zonal pricing compared with scenarios representing the current GB system. This suggests that in the long term implementing zonal pricing within GB could negatively impact on the investment of low carbon generation in locations with the best renewable resource, which would be the most cost-effective method of meeting carbon reduction targets under the UK Levy Control Framework;The interaction between investing in low carbon generation within multiple price zones and the subsidy framework including a feed-in tariff with Contracts for Difference (CfDs) is a key focus of this work. Multiple scenarios are developed following a discussion of form that the CfD scheme could take in a two-zone GB. These comprise of a base case scenario representing current electricity trading within GB, a scenario in which the current competitive auction system does not change and CfD strike prices remain GB-wide and a scenario in which locational strike prices are introduced.;Computational modelling has taken the form of a two-node linear solver to introduce and discuss the potential impacts of two price zones in GB on investment in low carbon generation and the Scottish Electricity Dispatch Model (SEDM), an eighteen node investment and dispatch model with greater spatial and temporal complexity and thus a more accurate representation of the GB system. The modelling methodology includes representing a range of objective functions, which has been shown to significantly affect the zonal results. Cases have also been revealed in which the SRMC iteration process did not converge for the two zone solver, highlighting the potential issues involved with modelling a subsidy framework like the CfD mechanism within multiple price zones.This work has investigated the premise that utilising zonal pricing for congestion management within Great Britain (GB) with Scotland as a separate price zone than the rest of GB could disincentivise investment in wind generation within areas of the highest wind resource. Computational modelling has shown consistently less installed wind capacity in Scotland in scenarios representing zonal pricing compared with scenarios representing the current GB system. This suggests that in the long term implementing zonal pricing within GB could negatively impact on the investment of low carbon generation in locations with the best renewable resource, which would be the most cost-effective method of meeting carbon reduction targets under the UK Levy Control Framework;The interaction between investing in low carbon generation within multiple price zones and the subsidy framework including a feed-in tariff with Contracts for Difference (CfDs) is a key focus of this work. Multiple scenarios are developed following a discussion of form that the CfD scheme could take in a two-zone GB. These comprise of a base case scenario representing current electricity trading within GB, a scenario in which the current competitive auction system does not change and CfD strike prices remain GB-wide and a scenario in which locational strike prices are introduced.;Computational modelling has taken the form of a two-node linear solver to introduce and discuss the potential impacts of two price zones in GB on investment in low carbon generation and the Scottish Electricity Dispatch Model (SEDM), an eighteen node investment and dispatch model with greater spatial and temporal complexity and thus a more accurate representation of the GB system. The modelling methodology includes representing a range of objective functions, which has been shown to significantly affect the zonal results. Cases have also been revealed in which the SRMC iteration process did not converge for the two zone solver, highlighting the potential issues involved with modelling a subsidy framework like the CfD mechanism within multiple price zones