3 research outputs found

    Анализ ΠΈ синтСз ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств

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    The paper shows the relevance of testing storage devices in modern computing systems. Mathematical models of memory device faults and the efficiency of their detection, in particular, complex pattern sensitive faults of the PNPSFk type, based on classical march memory tests are presented. Limit estimates are given for the completeness of coverage of such faults depending on the number of memory cells involved in the fault. The necessity of synthesis of memory march tests characterized by high efficiency of PNPSFk failure detection is substantiated. The concept of a primitive providing conditions for activation and detection of various types of PNPSFk is defined. Examples of analysis and synthesis of memory march tests with different coverage of PNPSFk faults are given. The March OP memory test is synthesized, which is characterized by the maximum completeness of PNPSFk fault coverage and has the lowest time complexity compared to the known memory march tests, which provide the same comprehensiveness of coverage of complex memory device faults.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ показываСтся Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств соврСмСнных Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ матСматичСскиС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ нСисправностСй Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств ΠΈ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… обнаруТСния, Π² частности, слоТных ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… нСисправностСй Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° PNPSFk, Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ классичСских ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ покрытия ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… нСисправностСй Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ количСства Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ячССк, ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π² нСисправности. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ синтСза ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов, Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ высокой ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ обнаруТСния PNPSFk нСисправностСй. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ понятиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ условия Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ обнаруТСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² PNPSFk. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ синтСза ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ покрытия PNPSFk нСисправностСй. БинтСзируСтся ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ тСст March OP, Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ максимальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ покрытия нСисправностСй PNPSFk ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с извСстными ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ тСстами, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ покрытия слоТных нСисправностСй Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств.

    ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов для обнаруТСния ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… нСисправностСй Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств

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    The urgency of the problem of testing storage devices of modern computer systems is shown. The mathematical models of their faults and the methods used for testing the most complex cases by classical march tests are investigated. Passive pattern sensitive faults (PNPSFk) are allocated, in which arbitrary k from N memory cells participate, where k << N, and N is the memory capacity in bits. For these faults, analytical expressions are given for the minimum and maximum fault coverage that is achievable within the march tests. The concept of a primitive is defined, which describes in terms of march test elements the conditions for activation and fault detection of PNPSFk of storage devices. Examples of march tests with maximum fault coverage, as well as march tests with a minimum time complexity equal to 18N are given. The efficiency of a single application of tests such as MATS ++, March Cβˆ’ and March PS is investigated for different number of k ≀ 9 memory cells involved in PNPSFk fault. The applicability of multiple testing with variable address sequences is substantiated, when the use of random sequences of addresses is proposed. Analytical expressions are given for the fault coverage of complex PNPSFk faults depending on the multiplicity of the test. In addition, the estimates of the mean value of the multiplicity of the MATS++, March Cβˆ’ and March PS tests, obtained on the basis of a mathematical model describing the problem of the coupon collector, and ensuring the detection of all k2k PNPSFk faults are given. The validity of analytical estimates is experimentally shown and the high efficiency of PNPSFk fault detection is confirmed by tests of the March PS type.ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ тСстирования Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств соврСмСнных Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… систСм. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ матСматичСскиС ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ нСисправностСй Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ тСстирования Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ слоТных ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ классичСских ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов. Π’Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ пассивныС ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ нСисправности (PNPSFk), Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ k ΠΈΠ· N ячССк памяти, Π³Π΄Π΅ k << N, Π° N прСдставляСт собой Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ памяти Π² Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ…. Для этих нСисправностСй приводятся аналитичСскиС выраТСния минимальной ΠΈ максимальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ покрытия, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ достиТимы Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ понятиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… элСмСнтов ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСста условия Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ обнаруТСния нСисправностСй PNPSFk Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… устройств. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ построСния ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ покрытия, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… тСстов с минимальной Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 18N. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ примСнСния тСстов Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° MATS++, March Cβˆ’ ΠΈ March PS для Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ количСства k ≀ 9 ячССк памяти, ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π² нСисправности PNPSFk. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСстирования с измСняСмыми адрСсными ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² качСствС ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… прСдлагаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ случайныС ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ адрСсов. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ аналитичСскиС выраТСния для ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ покрытия слоТных нСисправностСй PNPSFk Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ кратности тСста. ΠšΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ срСднСго значСния кратности тСстов MATS++, March Cβˆ’ ΠΈ March PS, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° основании матСматичСской ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, которая описываСт Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Ρƒ собиратСля ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ всСх k2k нСисправностСй PNPSFk. Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ показываСтся ΡΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ аналитичСских ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ подтвСрТдаСтся высокая ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ обнаруТСния нСисправностСй PNPSFk тСстами Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° March PS

    Designing Fault-Injection Experiments for the Reliability of Embedded Systems

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    This paper considers the long-standing problem of conducting fault-injections experiments to establish the ultra-reliability of embedded systems. There have been extensive efforts in fault injection, and this paper offers a partial summary of the efforts, but these previous efforts have focused on realism and efficiency. Fault injections have been used to examine diagnostics and to test algorithms, but the literature does not contain any framework that says how to conduct fault-injection experiments to establish ultra-reliability. A solution to this problem integrates field-data, arguments-from-design, and fault-injection into a seamless whole. The solution in this paper is to derive a model reduction theorem for a class of semi-Markov models suitable for describing ultra-reliable embedded systems. The derivation shows that a tight upper bound on the probability of system failure can be obtained using only the means of system-recovery times, thus reducing the experimental effort to estimating a reasonable number of easily-observed parameters. The paper includes an example of a system subject to both permanent and transient faults. There is a discussion of integrating fault-injection with field-data and arguments-from-design
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