306 research outputs found
Ultra Wideband Communications: from Analog to Digital
Ultrabreitband-Signale (Ultra Wideband [UWB]) können einen
signifikanten Nutzen im Bereich drahtloser Kommunikationssysteme haben. Es
sind jedoch noch einige Probleme offen, die durch Systemdesigner und
Wissenschaftler gelöst werden müssen. Ein Funknetzsystem mit einer derart
groĂźen Bandbreite ist normalerweise auch durch eine groĂźe Anzahl an
Mehrwegekomponenten mit jeweils verschiedenen Pfadamplituden
gekennzeichnet. Daher ist es schwierig, die zeitlich verteilte Energie
effektiv zu erfassen. Außerdem ist in vielen Fällen der naheliegende
Ansatz, ein kohärenter Empfänger im Sinne eines signalangepassten Filters
oder eines Korrelators, nicht unbedingt die beste Wahl. In der vorliegenden
Arbeit wird dabei auf die bestehende Problematik und weitere
Lösungsmöglichkeiten eingegangen.
Im ersten Abschnitt geht es um „Impulse Radio UWB”-Systeme mit
niedriger Datenrate. Bei diesen Systemen kommt ein inkohärenter Empfänger
zum Einsatz. Inkohärente Signaldetektion stellt insofern einen
vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, als das damit aufwandsgĂĽnstige und robuste
Implementierungen möglich sind. Dies trifft vor allem in Anwendungsfällen
wie den von drahtlosen Sensornetzen zu, wo preiswerte Geräte mit langer
Batterielaufzeit nötigsind. Dies verringert den für die Kanalschätzung
und die Synchronisation nötigen Aufwand, was jedoch auf Kosten der
Leistungseffizienz geht und eine erhöhte Störempfindlichkeit gegenüber
Interferenz (z.B. Interferenz durch mehrere Nutzer oder schmalbandige
Interferenz) zur Folge hat.
Um die Bitfehlerrate der oben genannten Verfahren zu bestimmen, wurde
zunächst ein inkohärenter Combining-Verlust spezifiziert, welcher
auftritt im Gegensatz zu kohärenter Detektion mit Maximum Ratio Multipath
Combining. Dieser Verlust hängt von dem Produkt aus der Länge des
Integrationsfensters und der Signalbandbreite ab.
Um den Verlust durch inkohärentes Combining zu reduzieren und somit die
Leistungseffizienz des Empfängers zu steigern, werden verbesserte
Combining-Methoden fĂĽr Mehrwegeempfang vorgeschlagen. Ein analoger
Empfänger, bei dem der Hauptteil des Mehrwege-Combinings durch einen
„Integrate and Dump”-Filter implementiert ist, wird für UWB-Systeme
mit Zeit-Hopping gezeigt. Dabei wurde die Einsatzmöglichkeit von dünn
besetzten Codes in solchen System diskutiert und bewertet. Des Weiteren
wird eine Regel für die Code-Auswahl vorgestellt, welche die Stabilität
des Systems gegen Mehrnutzer-Störungen sicherstellt und gleichzeitig den
Verlust durch inkohärentes Combining verringert.
Danach liegt der Fokus auf digitalen Lösungen bei inkohärenter
Demodulation. Im Vergleich zum Analogempfänger besitzt ein
Digitalempfänger einen Analog-Digital-Wandler im Zeitbereich gefolgt von
einem digitalen Optimalfilter. Der digitale Optimalfilter dekodiert den
Mehrfachzugriffscode kohärent und beschränkt das inkohärente Combining
auf die empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten im Digitalbereich. Es kommt ein
schneller Analog-Digital-Wandler mit geringer Auflösung zum Einsatz, um
einen vertretbaren Energieverbrauch zu gewährleisten. Diese Digitaltechnik
macht den Einsatz langer Analogverzögerungen bei differentieller
Demodulation unnötig und ermöglicht viele Arten der digitalen
Signalverarbeitung. Im Vergleich zur Analogtechnik reduziert sie nicht nur
den inkohärenten Combining-Verlust, sonder zeigt auch eine stärkere
Resistenz gegenüber Störungen. Dabei werden die Auswirkungen der
Auflösung und der Abtastrate der Analog-Digital-Umsetzung analysiert. Die
Resultate zeigen, dass die verminderte Effizienz solcher
Analog-Digital-Wandler gering ausfällt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass im
Falle starker Mehrnutzerinterferenz sogar eine Verbesserung der Ergebnisse
zu beobachten ist. Die vorgeschlagenen Design-Regeln spezifizieren die
Anwendung der Analog-Digital-Wandler und die Auswahl der Systemparameter in
Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Mehrfachzugriffscodes und der Modulationsart.
Wir zeigen, wie unter Anwendung erweiterter Modulationsverfahren die
Leistungseffizienz verbessert werden kann und schlagen ein Verfahren zur
Unterdrückung schmalbandiger Störer vor, welches auf Soft Limiting
aufbaut. Durch die Untersuchungen und Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass
inkohärente Empfänger in UWB-Kommunikationssystemen mit niedriger
Datenrate ein groĂźes Potential aufweisen.
AuĂźerdem wird die Auswahl der benutzbaren Bandbreite untersucht, um einen
Kompromiss zwischen inkohärentem Combining-Verlust und Stabilität
gegenĂĽber langsamen Schwund zu erreichen. Dadurch wurde ein neues Konzept
für UWB-Systeme erarbeitet: wahlweise kohärente oder inkohärente
Empfänger, welche als UWB-Systeme Frequenz-Hopping nutzen. Der wesentliche
Vorteil hiervon liegt darin, dass die Bandbreite im Basisband sich deutlich
verringert. Mithin ermöglicht dies einfach zu realisierende digitale
Signalverarbeitungstechnik mit kostengĂĽnstigen Analog-Digital-Wandlern.
Dies stellt eine neue Epoche in der Forschung im Bereich drahtloser
Sensorfunknetze dar.
Der Schwerpunkt des zweiten Abschnitts stellt adaptiven Signalverarbeitung
für hohe Datenraten mit „Direct Sequence”-UWB-Systemen in den
Vordergrund. In solchen Systemen entstehen, wegen der groĂźen Anzahl der
empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten, starke Inter- bzw.
Intrasymbolinterferenzen. Außerdem kann die Funktionalität des Systems
durch Mehrnutzerinterferenz und Schmalbandstörungen deutlich beeinflusst
werden. Um sie zu eliminieren, wird die „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung
benutzt. Dabei verbessert die Rangreduzierungsmethode das
Konvergenzverhalten, besonders wenn der gegebene Vektor eine sehr groĂźe
Anzahl an Abtastwerten beinhaltet (in Folge hoher einer Abtastrate).
Zusätzlich kann das System durch die Anwendung der R-linearen Verarbeitung
die Statistik zweiter Ordnung des nicht-zirkularen Signals vollständig
ausnutzen, was sich in verbesserten Schätzergebnissen widerspiegelt.
Allgemeine kann die Methode der „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung auch in
andern Bereichen angewendet werden, z.B. in „Direct
Sequence”-Codemultiplexverfahren (DS-CDMA), im MIMO-Bereich, im Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) und beim Beamforming.The aim of this thesis is to investigate key issues encountered in the
design of transmission schemes and receiving techniques for Ultra Wideband
(UWB) communication systems. Based on different data rate applications,
this work is divided into two parts, where energy efficient and robust
physical layer solutions are proposed, respectively.
Due to a huge bandwidth of UWB signals, a considerable amount of multipath
arrivals with various path gains is resolvable at the receiver. For low
data rate impulse radio UWB systems, suboptimal non-coherent detection is a
simple way to effectively capture the multipath energy. Feasible techniques
that increase the power efficiency and the interference robustness of
non-coherent detection need to be investigated. For high data rate direct
sequence UWB systems, a large number of multipath arrivals results in
severe inter-/intra-symbol interference. Additionally, the system
performance may also be deteriorated by multi-user interference and
narrowband interference. It is necessary to develop advanced signal
processing techniques at the receiver to suppress these interferences.
Part I of this thesis deals with the co-design of signaling schemes and
receiver architectures in low data rate impulse radio UWB systems based on
non-coherent detection.â—Ź We analyze the bit error rate performance of
non-coherent detection and characterize a non-coherent combining loss,
i.e., a performance penalty with respect to coherent detection with maximum
ratio multipath combining. The thorough analysis of this loss is very
helpful for the design of transmission schemes and receive techniques
innon-coherent UWB communication systems.â—Ź We propose to use optical
orthogonal codes in a time hopping impulse radio UWB system based on an
analog non-coherent receiver. The “analog” means that the major part of
the multipath combining is implemented by an integrate and dump filter. The
introduced semi-analytical method can help us to easily select the time
hopping codes to ensure the robustness against the multi-user interference
and meanwhile to alleviate the non-coherent combining loss.â—Ź The main
contribution of Part I is the proposal of applying fully digital solutions
in non-coherent detection. The proposed digital non-coherent receiver is
based on a time domain analog-to-digital converter, which has a high speed
but a very low resolution to maintain a reasonable power consumption.
Compared to its analog counterpart, itnot only significantly reduces the
non-coherent combining loss but also offers a higher interference
robustness. In particular, the one-bit receiver can effectively suppress
strong multi-user interference and is thus advantageous in separating
simultaneously operating piconets.The fully digital solutions overcome the
difficulty of implementing long analog delay lines and make differential
UWB detection possible. They also facilitate the development of various
digital signal processing techniques such as multi-user detection and
non-coherent multipath combining methods as well as the use of advanced
modulationschemes (e.g., M-ary Walsh modulation).â—Ź Furthermore, we
present a novel impulse radio UWB system based on frequency hopping, where
both coherent and non-coherent receivers can be adopted. The key advantage
is that the baseband bandwidth can be considerably reduced (e.g., lower
than 500 MHz), which enables low-complexity implementation of the fully
digital solutions. It opens up various research activities in the
application field of wireless sensor networks.
Part II of this thesis proposes adaptive widely linear reduced-rank
techniques to suppress interferences for high data rate direct sequence UWB
systems, where second-order non-circular signals are used. The reduced-rank
techniques are designed to improve the convergence performance and the
interference robustness especially when the received vector contains a
large number of samples (due to a high sampling rate in UWB systems). The
widely linear processing takes full advantage of the second-order
statistics of the non-circular signals and enhances the estimation
performance. The generic widely linear reduced-rank concept also has a
great potential in the applications of other systems such as Direct
Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA), Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) system, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or
in other areas such as beamforming
Performance Evaluation of 802.15.4 UWB PHY for High Speed Data Rate under IEEE Channel Mode
In modern day society the increase of data generation and transfer has been an issue that researchers are working on. This generated and shared data might have a different purpose but one thing is certain, the reception. This communication can cover continents, countries, cities or even just a few meters. For the purpose of the later, personal area networks (PAN) have been created with a main focus to lower the energy consumption. The protocol that is created under IEEE is 802.15.4 and it has multiple applications in the context of next generation sensor networks. This thesis investigates the performance IEEE 802.15.4 UWB PHY for high data rates over IEEE multipath fading channels and introduces receivers aiming to diversity and to mitigate the intersymbol interference (ISI) that might appear. We simulate the protocols highest mandatory data rate over slow, block faded, realistic IEEE channel models such as, residential, office, outdoor and industrial. The simulation includes Reed Solomon (RS) channel coding, optimal successive erasure decoding (SED), and coherent RAKE receivers. We verify that the selective RAKE (sRAKE) perform better than the nonselective RAKE (n-sRAKE) in all environments and also the increase of fingers is mandatory in order to improve performance. In cases with low number of fingers the ISI mitigation techniques like Maximum-Likehood Sequence Estimator (MLSE) & RAKE combination or Maximum Ration Combining (MRC) ISI cancellation receivers, can provide some gain in large delay spread environments. In cases with high number of ingers the MRC received employs its full diversity since the received power is arger than before. Overall the apply of optimal errors and erasures decoding can urther improve the system performance by adding a small gain, lowering existing it Error Probability (BEP) even more.A huge percentage of data has been generated in the last two years and it will grow more, as every one of us is constantly producing and releasing data. The latest years has been an extensive research on capacity maximization, bit rate increment and power optimization. That research lead to the development of various protocols for cellular and personal area networks (PAN), where they each utilizes the frequency spectrum differently. Even if cellular networks have the ability to cover large area, development of multiple personal area networks can be developed for the purpose to offload data from the cellular network. Keeping in mind the research needs, 802.15.4 UWH PHY is a solid candidate when it comes to data transfer in a small area. This protocol offers various mandatory transmission modes that can be selected depending the channel parameters and various data rate needs. Time hopping and spreading sequence offers the existence of multiuser environment where multiple transceivers can co-exist. Overall the complexity, cost and energy consumption for transmission and reception can be kept low, matching the research needs. The main issues regarding 802.15.4 UWH PHY and high speed data rates is first, the energy dispersion of the transmitted symbol to multiple bins and second, the appearance of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in high delay profile environments. The solution in the former problem is the necessary implementation of a RAKE receiver. Regarding the latter, literature offers multiple ways to mitigate the ISI but the aim should be to keep the lowest complexity possible regarding the implementation. In this thesis we evaluate the performance of 802.15.4 UWB PHY for high speed data rates under IEEE channel models. Various receivers has been build for the purpose of this thesis, Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), MRC with Inter Symbol Interference and MLSE & RAKE combination receiver. The MRC is a simple RAKE receiver with maximum diversity, MRC with ISI cancellation is based on the MRC receiver with the ability to mitigate ISI, and MLSE & RAKE combination is an optimum ISI mitigation receiver without the diversity of the MRC
Performance of Bit Error Rate and Power Spectral Density of Ultra Wideband with Time Hopping Sequences.
This thesis focuses on several modulation methods for an ultra wideband (UWB) signal. These methods are pulse position modulation (PPM), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), on/off key shifting (OOK), and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). In addition, time hopping is considered for these modulation schemes, where the capacity per time frame of time hopping PPM is studied using different spreading ratios. This thesis proves that with the addition of time hopping to all types of modulated UWB signals, the performance of power spectral density improves in all aspects, despite the increase of data per time frame. Note that despite the increase of data per frame, the bit error rate remains the same as standard non-time hopping UWB modulated signals
Characterization of Ultra Wideband Multiple Access Performance Using Time Hopped-Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation
The FCC\u27s release of its UWB First Report and Order in April 2002 spawned renewed interest in impulse signaling research. This work combines Time Hopped (TH) multiple access coding with 4-ary UWB Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation (TH-BPPM). Multiple access performance is evaluated in a multipath environment for both synchronous and asynchronous networks. Fast time hopping is implemented by replicating and hopping each TH-BPPM symbol NH times. Bit error expressions are derived for biorthogonal TH-BPPM signaling and results compared with previous orthogonal TH-PPM work. Without fast time hopping (NH = 1), the biorthogonal TH-BPPM technique provided gains equivalent to Gray-coded QPSK; improved BER at a given Eb/No and an effective doubling of the data rate. A synchronized network containing up to NT = 15 transmitters yields an average BER improvement (relative to an asynchronous network) of approximately -6.30 dB with orthogonal TH-PPM and approximately 5.9 dB with biorthogonal TH-BPPM. Simulation results indicate that doubling the number of multipath replications (NMP) reduces BER by approximately 3.6 dB. Network performance degrades as NT and NMP increase and synchronized network advantages apparent in the NMP = 0 case diminish with multipath interference present. With fast time hopping (NH \u3e 1) improves BER performance whenever NMP \u3c NH while reducing effective data rate by 1/NH. Compared to the NH = 1 synchronized network, TH-BPPM modulation using NH = 10 provides approximately 5.9 dB improvement at NMP = 0 and approximately 3.6 dB improvement at NMP = 5. At NMP = 10, the BER for the hopped and NH = 1 cases are not statistically different; with NH = 10 hops, BER improvement varies from approximately 0.57 to 0.14 dB (minimal variation between synchronous and asynchronous network performance)
A General Framework for Analyzing, Characterizing, and Implementing Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded Signals
Fourth generation (4G) communications will support many capabilities while providing universal, high speed access. One potential enabler for these capabilities is software defined radio (SDR). When controlled by cognitive radio (CR) principles, the required waveform diversity is achieved via a synergistic union called CR-based SDR. Research is rapidly progressing in SDR hardware and software venues, but current CR-based SDR research lacks the theoretical foundation and analytic framework to permit efficient implementation. This limitation is addressed here by introducing a general framework for analyzing, characterizing, and implementing spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded (SMSE) signals within CR-based SDR architectures. Given orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a 4G candidate signal, OFDM-based signals are collectively classified as SMSE since modulation and encoding are spectrally applied. The proposed framework provides analytic commonality and unification of SMSE signals. Applicability is first shown for candidate 4G signals, and resultant analytic expressions agree with published results. Implementability is then demonstrated in multiple coexistence scenarios via modeling and simulation to reinforce practical utility
Photonic processing of microwave signals
La distribution par fibre optique de signaux de type « ultra-wideband (UWB)» requiert le développement de nouvelles technologies photoniques qui seront le sujet d'étude de cette thèse. Nous commençons avec un démonstration expérimentale d'une technique de sculpture d'impulsions qui offre une solution économique et à faible consommation de puissance pour les systèmes UWB . Dans cette étude, nous procédons à l'apodisation de deux réseaux Bragg identiques avec une variation de période linéaire qui sont placés aux deux entrées d'un photodétecteur balancé. L'apodisation est réalisée par l'application d'un profile de température à l'aide d'éléments résistif de petite dimensions, ce qui permet une consommation énergétique réduite et une bonne résolution spectrale. Le filtrage spectral d'une source laser puisée suivi d'une conversion fréquence-temps par propagation dans une fibre optique standard permet de générer une impulsion UWB efficace d'un point de vue énergétique pour les communications à courte portée dans la bande spectrale de 3 a 10 GHz. Dans un deuxième temps, pour générer des signaux passe-bande à haute fréquence, nous avons utilisé un laser puisé à commutation de gain. Après la conversion optique/électrique des impulsions en utilisant des filtres optiques et RF appropriés, nous réussissons à générer des signaux large bande dans des bandes spectrales ayant des fréquences centrales de 25, 35 et 45 GHz. Nous examinons diverses configurations de filtres permettant cette conversion selon qu'il y ait ou non transmission dans une fibre optique. Finalement, nous démontrons la détection de signaux RF dans le domaine optique par le design et la fabrication de filtres adaptés. Notre récepteur utilise un modulateur de Mach-Zehnder pour faire la conversion électrique-optique et des filtres à base de réseau de Bragg comme filtres adaptés. Nous examinons la performance du récepteur pour deux conditions de polarisation différentes du Mach-Zehnder. Nous avons conçu des filtres adaptés pour ces deux cas et nous discutons de la performance résultant
RF and Microwave Band-Pass Passive Filters for Mobile Transceivers with a Focus on BAW Technology
International audienc
Adaptive RAKE receiver structures for ultra wide-band systems
Ultra wide band (UWB) is an emerging technology that recently has gained regulatory approval. It is a suitable solution for high speed indoor wireless communications due to its promising ability to provide high data rate at low cost and low power consumption. Another benefit of UWB is its ability to resolve individual multi-path components. This feature motivates the use of RAKE multi-path combining techniques to provide diversity and to capture as much energy as possible from the received signal.
Potential future and rule limitation of UWB, lead to two important characteristics of the technology: high bit rate and low emitting power. Based on the power emission limit of UWB, the only choice for implementation is the low level modulation technology. To obtain such a high bit rate using low level modulation techniques, significant inter-symbol interference (ISI) is unavoidable. Three N (N means the numbers of fingers) fingers RAKE receiver structures are proposed: the N-selective maximal ratio combiner (MRC), the N-selective MRC receiver with least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive equalizer and the N-selective MRC receiver with LMS adaptive combiner.
These three receiver structures were all simulated for N=8, 16 and 32. Simulation results indicate that ISI is effectively suppressed. The 16-selective MRC RAKE receiver with LMS adaptive combiner demonstrates a good balance between performance, computation complexity and required length of the training sequence. Due to the simplicity of the algorithm and a reasonable sampling rate, this structure is feasible for practical VLSI implementations
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