Workers\u27 Compensation: Analysis for Its Second Century

Hunt and Dillender review the status of workers\u27 compensation programs on three critical performance areas: 1) the adequacy of compensation for those disabled in the workplace, 2) return-to-work performance for injured workers, and 3) prevention of disabling injury and disease.https://research.upjohn.org/up_press/1262/thumbnail.jp

Immigration and Integration in Canada

Like Australia and the United States, Canada is usually considered a ‘traditional’ immigrant receiving country in contrast to many countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa where large-scale immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon. This chapter reviews past and current Canadian immigration policy. Section one provides a brief historical overview of Canadian immigration patterns. Section two outlines current immigration policy, including the changes introduced by Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (2002). Section three discusses the relationship between immigration policy and the integration of immigrants in Canadian society. The chapter concludes with the proposition that, while Canada’s immigration policy converges with developments in other countries worldwide, its immigration experience also poses a challenge for those scholars who postulate a strong inverse relation between higher immigration rates and an advanced welfare state. Differences also include increased recognition rates for asylum claimants as well as the comparatively lower focus on immigration as a subject of public debate in Canadian political culture

2019 International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference : Conference Proceedings – Presentations

The International Aircraft Cabin Air Conferences are developing into a series of conferences organized every two years. The conferences are mapping the business, regulatory and technical solutions to aircraft cabin air contamination. The conferences in 2017 and 2019 provided networking opportunities for those seeking to understand the subject of contaminated air, the flight safety implications, the latest scientific and medical evidence investigating the contaminated air debate and the solutions available to airlines and aircraft operators. The two conferences held so far have been the most in-depth conferences ever on the topic of aircraft cabin air contamination. In total 30 presentations were given at the 2019 International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference (ACA 2019). This document contains the 25 presentations provided by the authors. It combines the presentations into one PDF for further dissemination and archiving

Government Regulation

Abstract. Interest in the use of so-called voluntary approaches to supplement or replace formal environmental regulation is on the rise, both in Europe and in the United States. These approaches fall into two general categories: (1) industry-initiated codes of good practice focusing on environmental management systems or performance goals, and (2) negotiation between government and individual firms (or industry sector trade associations) focusing on regulation or compliance. This paper addresses the latter. In the United States, the motivations for engaging in such negotiation are manifold and sometimes contradictory. They include desires (1) to facilitate the achievement of legislated environmental goals by introducing flexible and cost-effective implementation and compliance measures, (2) to negotiate levels of compliance (standards) fulfilling health-based legislative mandates, (3) to negotiate legal definitions of Best Available Technology and other technology-based requirements, and (4) to weaken environmental regulation. In the United States, administrative agencies have long been experimenting with “negotiated rulemaking as a means of setting regulatory standards, and the Administrative Procedure Act was amended in 1990 to encourage further use of this process. U.S. agencies have also made frequent use of negotiation as a means of defining compliance responsibilities for individual firms. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has sometimes acted outside of the authority given to it by its enabling legislation in an attempt to negotiate environmental policy and implementation. Two recent examples are the "Common Sense Initiative," in which EPA attempted broad-based negotiation focuses on particular industry sectors, and “Project XL", in which the agency attempted to negotiate flexible implementation of environmental requirements with individual firms. Although both programs are now moribund, each provides useful lessons for future efforts at environmental negotiation. This paper describes and analyses negotiated agreements in the United States in the context of EPA efforts to ensure environmental protection. These agreements can be described according to the following taxonomy: (a) negotiated regulation (either preceding formal regulation or as a substitute for formal regulation); (b) negotiated implementation (negotiations with an individual firm to establish the timetable and/or the means for meeting a particular regulatory standard; and (c) negotiated compliance (negotiation in the context of an enforcement action in which the firm is out of compliance with an applicable standard and there is an opportunity for extra-statutory environmental gains, such as encouraging cleaner production through the leveraging of penalty reductions). The criteria for evaluation used in this paper include: environmental outcomes, effects on stimulating technological change, time for development (time to completion), ease of implementation (likelihood of court challenge), stakeholder influence (ability of large firms to dominate outcome, environmentalists-industry balance of power), and administrative features

The construction of Canadian business schools’ occupational health and safety curriculum

321 leaves : illustrations ; 29 cmIncludes abstract and appendices.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-308).This dissertation revisits the socio-historical origins and perspectives of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practice and its relationship to OHS studies in Canadian business schools by concentrating on the first Workmen’s Compensation Acts (WCA) in the early 20th century and the first comprehensive OHS Acts that emerged in the early 1970s. It was during these two eras of massive public unrest and openly expressed public fears about health and safety that the largest and most influential OHS regulatory bodies endeavored to provide solutions to the escalating OHS problems in Canada. This resulted in the regulatory agencies attempting to set rules and standards for work-related OHS behaviours and conduct. A critical hermeneutic analysis of five interpretive moments on the legal documents and related publications produced during the planning, passing, and implementation of these legislations, followed by a third analysis of the first Canadian business schools’ OHS curriculum documents that emerged in parallel with the later OHS laws, allow us to see how OHS business practices and studies were shaped. My findings reveal that while many OHS methods of the law makers remained the same, with some being strengthened and others being introduced, the underlying perspectives within these social practices remained unaltered for over a century. The Safety Pays ethos (the belief that it pays for business owners to engage in OHS activities) and the WorkSafe ethos (the belief that it is best for workers to take responsibility for their health and safety) have been woven deep within accepted business practices and studies related to OHS, the former considering OHS mechanisms that make financial sense and dismiss more humane practices that do not, and the latter promoting workers’ behaviour change over organization change. The 100 years of historical conflicts and compromises that resulted in today’s OHS “common-sense” business techniques and teachings can be explained through hegemonic processes