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    Search for the end of a path in the d-dimensional grid and in other graphs

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    We consider the worst-case query complexity of some variants of certain \cl{PPAD}-complete search problems. Suppose we are given a graph GG and a vertex s∈V(G)s \in V(G). We denote the directed graph obtained from GG by directing all edges in both directions by G′G'. DD is a directed subgraph of G′G' which is unknown to us, except that it consists of vertex-disjoint directed paths and cycles and one of the paths originates in ss. Our goal is to find an endvertex of a path by using as few queries as possible. A query specifies a vertex v∈V(G)v\in V(G), and the answer is the set of the edges of DD incident to vv, together with their directions. We also show lower bounds for the special case when DD consists of a single path. Our proofs use the theory of graph separators. Finally, we consider the case when the graph GG is a grid graph. In this case, using the connection with separators, we give asymptotically tight bounds as a function of the size of the grid, if the dimension of the grid is considered as fixed. In order to do this, we prove a separator theorem about grid graphs, which is interesting on its own right
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