2 research outputs found

    Study on Series Arc Fault Detection for DC Microgrids

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 8. ์กฐ๋ณดํ˜•.LVDC(Low Voltage Direct Current) ๋ฐ MVDC(Medium Voltage Direct Current)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์›, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ „๋กœ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐํ™”๋„ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ, ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€์šฉ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ, ์ „๊ธฐ ์„ ๋ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์˜ ์‘์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์••์ด 50/60 Hz๋กœ ์˜์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 100์—ฌ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋„“์€ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์˜์—ญ์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฝ, ์ง€๋ฝ, ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ(์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ[W])๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง๋ ฌ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์†Œํญ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜์—์„œ์˜ ์•„ํฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์—ฐ ์†Œํ˜ธ(Self-extinguish)๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ „๋กœ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์•„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ(Noise)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์›, ๋ถ€ํ•˜, ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์—๋„ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€, ์ฆ‰ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” UL1699B์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ์•„ํฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์˜ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ์ง๋ฅ˜ 380 V ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 1.25~5 A์˜ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ 0.8~4.0 mm์˜ ์ „๊ทน๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(Correlation)๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์••, ํ‰๊ท  ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ „๊ทน๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋กœ์˜ ์ „์œ„์™€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์˜ ์ „์••์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๊ทน๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ(Spectrum) ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ์•ž์„œ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ๊ณผ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํฌ ์ „์••, ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ, ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ๋ถ„ํฌ(Normal distribution)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž„๊ณ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ„ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์ถฉ๊ด€๊ณ„(Trade-off)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ฒ€์ถœ(์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ, False-Negative) ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ(์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์˜คํŒ๋‹จ, False-Positive) ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์ž„๊ณ„์น˜ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋„์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์ด ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋กœ์— ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ์ž…๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜(Window function)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์•„ํฌ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ(Digital processor)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์šฉ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๋ช…์šฉ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋žจํ”„ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ์–ต์ œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” 99.999%์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ถ„์œจ(Parts per million)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ฒ€์ถœ 10 ppm, ์˜ค๊ฒ€์ถœ 270 ppm์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๋ฒ• ๋„์ถœ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.DC Microgrids using LVDC(Low Voltage Direct Current) and MVDC(Medium Voltage Direct Current) have been taken lots of attention as they are considered to be an effective solution to interface a variety of distributed generation(DG), energy storage devices, and electric loads. DC power networks are beneficial for higher conductor efficiency and higher power conversion efficiency with the same level of voltage compared to AC ones. In addition, they do not require phase and frequency synchronization between the power network components, which highly reduce the system complexity. Due to its advantages, DC has been being considered for data centers, commercial buildings, and ships. Despite the merits of DC, it is not widely used yet because DC lacks zero crossing of current that makes it difficult to cut off the current and that causes safety issues. While AC system has been used for more than one hundred years and, therefore, the power networking technology is mature, DC system only has been used in limited areas which necessitates the development of a new protection scheme for DC to maximize its benefit and to spread its application. Among the three main faults: short circuit, ground, and arc faults, the arc faults pose an urgent threat because it is difficult to detect the fault by using a conventional circuit breakers. In addition, as the DC arc is difficult to self-extinguish due to the lack of zero crossing so it could cause a fire accident at any electric connection, DC arc protection for Microgrids with widespread system components such as DG units is indispensable. In this manner, this dissertation discusses the arc fault detection for DC Microgrids. Specifically, this paper focuses on the series arc fault detection considering its detection difficulty and its high probability. First, this research analyzes the electric characteristics of an arc. Under 380 VDC condition, arc fault experiments at various current level ranging from 1.25 to 5 A and electrode distance ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mm are conducted to characterize the relationships between the arc voltage, current, and electrode distance. An arc generator complying with UL1699B is used to conduct the experiments. This paper recognizes the relationship between average arc voltage, current, and electrode distance (DC characteristic of arc). However, as an independent device, the arc fault detector(AFD) cannot directly acquire the arc voltage and gap information, but it can only monitor the current at the point of installation. As a result, it is not possible to determine the occurrence of arc from the DC characteristic. Second, AC characteristic of arc which focuses only on the AC components of arc current is discussed in detail based on the experimental data. The AC feature of arc is analyzed by its power spectral density given from the fast Fourier transform(FFT). In this paper the frequency spectrum is divided into four and one of them can be used for AFD considering its operating condition. While the analysis finds out the correlation between the arc parameters is not significant due to the wide distribution of signal strength, the arc signal has significant difference of the signal strength from normal signal which implies the possibility to use it for arc detection. As the strength of arc signal is not constant but chaotic, this dissertation employs statistical method to derive an arc fault detection method. If the data follow normal distribution, one can define the detection reliability of an AFD referring to its probability function. If the data do not follow normal distribution, one can normalize them using a transform technique such as Box-Cox or Johnson transform. The detection threshold can be determined by a graphical approach displaying probability curves of false-positives and false-negatives at given conditions to meet the system requirement. Also, limitations of the detection are recognized and the fault detection strategy can be finalized by the graphical approach to optimize the detection and non-detection probability. Using the frequency features of arcing is relatively easy to be successful in simple power system such as PV generation because the type of its components is limited and it is unlikely to expand, so the characteristics of them can be analyzed in advance. However, DC Microgrids consist of a variety of DGs and unknown loads and they are likely to be even expanded. Therefore, it is important to suppress the false tripping of AFD from the operation of power circuits. This dissertation analyzes the effect of power circuits on the AFD operation and proposes a new method for higher detection accuracy and robustness to frequency interference. The proposed AFD algorithm distinguishes the operation of power circuits and, therefore, highly reduce false-positive in normal condition. To verify the feasibility of the proposed arc fault detection method, a prototype is implemented. The experiments to verify detecting the arc faults in resistive loads, avoiding false-positive from LED driver operation are conducted. Through the statistical analysis, the detection reliability of the prototype AFD is 99.999% and it has 10 ppm of false-negative and 270 ppm of false-positive probability.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 9 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  13 2.1 ์•„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  13 2.1.1 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 14 2.1.2 ์•„ํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ทœ์ • 17 2.2 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 23 2.2.1 ์•„ํฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 24 2.2.2 ์•„ํฌ์˜ DC ํŠน์„ฑ 34 2.2.3 ์•„ํฌ์˜ DC ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ 37 2.2.4 ์•„ํฌ์˜ AC ํŠน์„ฑ 42 2.3 ์š”์•ฝ 57 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ 61 3.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 62 3.1.1 ๊ด‘์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 62 3.1.2 ์˜จ๋„ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 63 3.1.3 ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 63 3.1.4 ์Œํ–ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 3.1.5 ์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 64 3.1.6 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ •๋ฆฌ 65 3.2 ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์šฉ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 65 3.2.1 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • ๋ฐ ์ •๊ทœํ™” 67 3.2.2 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ t๊ฒ€์ • 75 3.2.3 ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋„์ถœ 76 3.2.4 ์ „๋ ฅ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 83 3.2.5 ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 101 3.3 ์š”์•ฝ 110 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 112 4.1 ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์šฉ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 112 4.2 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 121 4.2.1 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 121 4.2.2 ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ ์–ต์ œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 124 4.3 ์š”์•ฝ 131 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 133 5.1 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  133 5.2 ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 135 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 138 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 150 A.1 ๋ชจ์˜ ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 150 A.2 ์•„ํฌ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋Œ€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ PSD์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 161 ABSTRACT 167Docto

    Adaptive Boundary Control Using the Natural Switching Surfaces for Flyback Converters

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    The derivation and implementation of the natural switching surfaces (NSS) considering certain parametric uncertainties for a flyback converter operating in the boundary conduction mode (BCM) is the main focus of this paper. The NSS with nominal parameters presents many benefits for the control of nonlinear systems; for example, fast transient response under load-changing conditions. However, the performance worsens considerably when the converter actual parameters are different from the ones used in the design process. Therefore, a novel control strategy for NSS considering the effects of parameter uncertainties is proposed. This control law can estimate and adapt the control trajectories in a minimum number of switching cycles to obtain excellent performances even under extreme parameter uncertainties. The analytical derivation of the proposed adaptive switching surfaces is presented together with simulations and experimental results showing adequate performance under different tests, including comparisons with a standard PI controller
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