Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 130, July 1974

This special bibliography lists 291 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in June 1974

Preclinical evidence implicating corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in ethanol consumption and neuroadaptation

The results of many studies support the influence of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system on ethanol (EtOH) consumption and EtOH-induced neuroadaptations that are critical in the addiction process. This review summarizes the preclinical data in this area after first providing an overview of the components of the CRF system. This complex system involves hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic mechanisms that play a role in the central and peripheral consequences of stressors, including EtOH and other drugs of abuse. In addition, several endogenous ligands and targets make up this system and show differences in their involvement in EtOH drinking and in the effects of chronic or repeated EtOH treatment. In general, genetic and pharmacological approaches paint a consistent picture of the importance of CRF signaling via type 1 CRF receptors (CRF1) in EtOH-induced neuroadaptations that result in higher levels of intake, encourage alcohol seeking during abstinence and alter EtOH sensitivity. Furthermore, genetic findings in rodents, non-human primates and humans have provided some evidence of associations of genetic polymorphisms in CRF-related genes with EtOH drinking, although additional data are needed. These results suggest that CRF1 antagonists have potential as pharmacotherapeutics for alcohol use disorders. However, given the broad and important role of these receptors in adaptation to environmental and other challenges, full antagonist effects may be too profound and consideration should be given to treatments with modulatory effects.The authors were supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs; NIH NIAAA grants P60AA010760, R24AA020245 and U01AA013519 and NIH NIDA grant P50DA018165, during the writing of this manuscript. The authors have no financial conflict of interest to disclose

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 164

This bibliography lists 275 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in January 1977

Effects of circadian rhythm phase alteration on physiological and psychological variables: Implications to pilot performance (including a partially annotated bibliography)

The effects of environmental synchronizers upon circadian rhythmic stability in man and the deleterious alterations in performance and which result from changes in this stability are points of interest in a review of selected literature published between 1972 and 1980. A total of 2,084 references relevant to pilot performance and circadian phase alteration are cited and arranged in the following categories: (1) human performance, with focus on the effects of sleep loss or disturbance and fatigue; (2) phase shift in which ground based light/dark alteration and transmeridian flight studies are discussed; (3) shiftwork; (4)internal desynchronization which includes the effect of evironmental factors on rhythmic stability, and of rhythm disturbances on sleep and psychopathology; (5) chronotherapy, the application of methods to ameliorate desynchronization symptomatology; and (6) biorythm theory, in which the birthdate based biorythm method for predicting aircraft accident susceptability is critically analyzed. Annotations are provided for most citations

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 129, June 1974

This special bibliography lists 280 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in May 1974

Glucocorticoids

As one class of the most important steroid hormones, glucocorticoids have long been recognised and their therapeutic benefits have been widely used in clinical treatment, especially in anti-inflammation cases. Glucocorticoids regulate various processes in the body including the mobilization of energy stores, immune functions, gene expression, and maintenance of the homeostasis as well as the stress response, this is not surprising that the concept of "glucocorticoids" is mentioned in almost all medical text books that focus on specific organs or systems such as the cardiovascular system, the immune system, and the neuroendocrine system. The book of Glucocorticoids - New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend aims to introduce the latest findings relating to glucocorticoids, either freshly from the laboratory or from clinical case studies, and to open up a new angle of looking at the issue of balancing the therapeutic benefits and side effects brought up by glucocorticoids

Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse

Renal magnesium handling: New insights in understanding old problems

Many sharp-eyed readers have pointed out to us that in the photo next to the article about yams in Ghana (Spore 87, June 2000, page 8), the woman had put all her cassava in one basket, and not the yams she planned to use. Point taken. Whatever you want to point out, point to or point at, your letters, faxes and emails are always welcome at the Spore address in the box on the right. Write now.MailboxMany sharp-eyed readers have pointed out to us that in the photo next to the article about yams in Ghana (Spore 87, June 2000, page 8), the woman had put all her cassava in one basket, and not the yams she planned to use. Point taken...

Differential Adaptations of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Between Food Restriction and Anorexia

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