A Pattern-Based Approach to Changing Software Requirements in Brown-Field Business Contexts

In organisations, competitive advantage is increasingly reliant on the alignment of sociotechnical systems with business processes. 'Socio-technical' refers to the complex systems of people, tasks and technology. Supporting this alignment is exacerbated by the speed of technological change and its relationship with organisation growth. This complexity is further aggravated in a number of ways. Organisations and/or parts of organisations are structured differently and have different approaches to change. These differences impact on their responsiveness to change, their use of technology, and its relationship to business processes. In requirements engineering, a lack of understanding of the organisational context in which change takes place has been a problem over the last decade. Eliciting requirements is complex, with requirements changing constantly. Delivered change is affected by further changing needs, as stakeholders identify new ways of using IT. Changing requirements can lead to mismatches between tasks, technology and people. Relations and their alignment can be compromised. We contribute to understanding this complex domain by presenting an approach which engages with stakeholders/users in the early stages of the requirements elicitation process. The two expressions of the approach are derived from the literature and 19 real-world studies. They are referred to as Conceptual Framework and Change Frame. Both support a problem-centred focus on context analysis when reasoning about changing technology in business processes. The framework provides structures, techniques, notation and terminology. These represent, describe, and analyse the context in which change takes place, in the present and over time. The Change Frame combines an extension of the framework with an organisation pattern. It facilitates representing, describing and analysing change, across the strategic/operation area of an organisation. A known pattern of solution is provided, for the recurring change problem of representing an organisation-wide change in different organisation locations. Chapter 4 shows the conceptual framework in the context of a real-world study, and chapter 6 uses a real-world use/case scenario to illustrate the change frame. Both chapters show support for understanding change, through client/customer and stakeholder/users reasoning about the implications of change

The adoption of ICT in Malaysian public hospitals: the interoperability of electronic health records and health information systems

There have been a number of researches that investigated ICT adoption in Malaysian healthcare. With the small number of hospitals that adopt ICT in their daily clinical and administrative operations, the possibility to enable data exchange across 131 public hospitals in Malaysia is still a long journey. In addition to those studies, this research was framed under six objectives, which aim to critically review existing literature on the subject matter, identify barriers of ICT adoption in Malaysia, understand the administrative context during the pre and post-ICT adoption, and recommend possible solutions to the Ministry of Health of Malaysia (MoHM) in its efforts to implement interoperable electronic health records (EHR) and health information systems (HTIS). Specifically, this research aimed to identify the factors that had significant impacts to the processes of implementing interoperable EHR and HTIS by the MoHM. Furthermore, it also aimed to propose relevant actors who should involve in the implementation phases. These factors and actors were used to develop a model for implementing interoperable EHR and HTIS in Malaysia. To gather the needed data, series of interviews were conducted with three groups of participants. They were ICT administrators of MoHM, ICT and medical record administrators of three hospitals, and physicians of three hospitals. To ensure the interview feedback was representing the context of EHR and HTIS implementation in Malaysia, two hospital categories were selected, which included the hospitals with HTIS and non-HTIS hospitals. The government documents were then used to triangulate the feedback to ensure dependability, credibility, transferability and conformity of the findings. Two techniques were used to analyse the data, which were thematic analysis and theme matching. These two techniques were modified from its original method, known as pattern matching. The originality of this research was presented in the findings and methods to transform them into solutions and provide recommendation to the MoHM. In general, the results showed that the technological factors contributed less to the success of the implementation of interoperable EHR and HTIS compared to the managerial and administrative factors. Four main practical and social contributions were identified from this research, which included synchronisation of managerial elements, political determination and change management transformation, optimisation of use of existing legacy system (Patient Management System) and finally the roles of actors. Nevertheless, the findings of this research would be more dependable and transferable if more participants had been willing to participate especially among the physicians and those who managed the ICT adoptions under the MoHM

Pengelolaan Penilaian Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Kurikulum 2013 Di SMP Negeri 4 Klaten

This study aims at: (1) describing the assessment of attitude aspect in English language learning Curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten, (2) describing the assessment of knowledge aspect in English language learning Curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten, and (3) describing the assessment of skill aspect in English language learning curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten. The method of the research is qualitative research design using an ethnographic approach. The data used are primary and secondary data. The data analysis tecknique uses interactive model. While data collecting method uses: interview, observation, and documentation. The results of the study are: (1) the assessment management of attitude aspect in the teaching of English Curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten, the material for the competencies of spiritual and social attitudes delivered and achieved through indirect teaching, the aspects of attitude assessment include observation, self-assessment, peer assessment, and journal, (2) the asssessment management of knowledge aspect in the teaching of English Curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten has been implemented in accordance with syllabus of English learning Curriculum 2013 applying the principles of mastery learning, authentic, and continuous. The assessment of knowledge aspect carried out using the tecknique of written test through daily test after a basic competence has completely taught, middle term test, and final term test. The materials for knowledge and skill competencies are minimally as they are in syllabus and can be developed by teacher,. and (3) the assessment management of skill aspect in the teaching of English curriculum 2013 at SMP Negeri 4 Klaten uses the teckniques of performance, product, and portofolio. These teckniques are regarded as the most suitable with the characteristics of English learning material