Model kesesuaian perancangan elemen keselamatan fizikal komuniti berpagar dan kejiranan berpengawal

Gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods are considered to be one of the best recent developments that contribute to the security of urban populations. Several issues frequently arise concerning the physical planning of gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods, such as the construction of unauthorised guard houses, the size of fences or the construction of physical barriers to meet security requirements. Many constructions within gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods do not incorporate the basic principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) in drawing up security elements to control crime. In this study, a model to enhance the preparedness in physical security elements in gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is presented. This approach in integrating MCDA and GIS improves the result analysis to identify gated residential communities and guarded neighbourhoods that are best planned in terms of physical security, as well as the actual level of security achieved. The integration of MCDA and GIS facilitates the resolution of various problems associated with the planning and management of gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods. In particular, the adoption of GIS more precisely elucidates the specific planning requirements for the improvement of such communities. The additional benefits obtained through GIS modelling include proposals and standards that are appropriate to the particular gated and guarded community according to its classification and suitability. With such standards in place, a mechanism for the development of policies and guidelines can be established to achieve the best results in the planning and implementation of security features for gated communities and guarded neighbourhoods of the future

Sensor web geoprocessing on the grid

Recent standardisation initiatives in the fields of grid computing and geospatial sensor middleware provide an exciting opportunity for the composition of large scale geospatial monitoring and prediction systems from existing components. Sensor middleware standards are paving the way for the emerging sensor web which is envisioned to make millions of geospatial sensors and their data publicly accessible by providing discovery, task and query functionality over the internet. In a similar fashion, concurrent development is taking place in the field of grid computing whereby the virtualisation of computational and data storage resources using middleware abstraction provides a framework to share computing resources. Sensor web and grid computing share a common vision of world-wide connectivity and in their current form they are both realised using web services as the underlying technological framework. The integration of sensor web and grid computing middleware using open standards is expected to facilitate interoperability and scalability in near real-time geoprocessing systems. The aim of this thesis is to develop an appropriate conceptual and practical framework in which open standards in grid computing, sensor web and geospatial web services can be combined as a technological basis for the monitoring and prediction of geospatial phenomena in the earth systems domain, to facilitate real-time decision support. The primary topic of interest is how real-time sensor data can be processed on a grid computing architecture. This is addressed by creating a simple typology of real-time geoprocessing operations with respect to grid computing architectures. A geoprocessing system exemplar of each geoprocessing operation in the typology is implemented using contemporary tools and techniques which provides a basis from which to validate the standards frameworks and highlight issues of scalability and interoperability. It was found that it is possible to combine standardised web services from each of these aforementioned domains despite issues of interoperability resulting from differences in web service style and security between specifications. A novel integration method for the continuous processing of a sensor observation stream is suggested in which a perpetual processing job is submitted as a single continuous compute job. Although this method was found to be successful two key challenges remain; a mechanism for consistently scheduling real-time jobs within an acceptable time-frame must be devised and the tradeoff between efficient grid resource utilisation and processing latency must be balanced. The lack of actual implementations of distributed geoprocessing systems built using sensor web and grid computing has hindered the development of standards, tools and frameworks in this area. This work provides a contribution to the small number of existing implementations in this field by identifying potential workflow bottlenecks in such systems and gaps in the existing specifications. Furthermore it sets out a typology of real-time geoprocessing operations that are anticipated to facilitate the development of real-time geoprocessing software.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) : School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle UniversityGBUnited Kingdo