3 research outputs found

    Putting a Face on Algorithms: Personas for Modeling Artificial Intelligence

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    We propose a new type of personas, artificial intelligence (AI) personas, as a tool for designing systems consisting of both human and AI agents. Personas are commonly used in design practices for modelling users. We argue that the personification of AI agents can help multidisciplinary teams in understanding and designing systems that include AI agents. We propose a process for creating AI personas and the properties they should include, and report on our first experience using them. The case we selected for our exploration of AI personas was the design of a highly automated decision support tool for air traffic control. Our first results indicate that AI personas helped designers to empathise with algorithms and enabled better communication within a team of designers and AI and domain experts. We call for a research agenda on AI personas and discussions on potential benefits and pitfalls of this approach.acceptedVersio

    Designing for elderly care through the ‘Good Old Days’

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    Elderly care has become one of the greatest social problems in developed and newly developed countries like China. To address this issue, researchers have attempted different solutions. For instance, social workers have proposed empowering the elderly by involving them directly in administering elderly care services. Service designers have also invited the elderly to participate in design, but they do so as part of the design process as a way to create more user-friendly and user-centred services. Researchers have aimed to satisfy the elderly’s needs. However, in carrying out these design practices, researchers have not considered how the elderly’s past life impacts their current experiences in elderly care. In the current dissertation, I focus on how the elderly’s ‘good old days’, that is, their previous experiences and memories, here including reminiscence and nostalgia, can improve elderly care in practice. Based on this, I ask the following questions: Why do the elderly long for their ‘good old days’ experiences in elderly care, and how can such experiences be translated by designers into more appropriate services and experiences for the elderly? To answer these questions, I have adopted a pragmatic lens by conducting two ethnographic research projects—Bo-Ai and Jin-Ding—in Southern China between 2017 and 2019, the results of which were published in the first and fourth articles of the present dissertation. In the Bo-Ai project, I articulated the value of the filial piety experience (one of the ‘good old days’ experiences that specifically refer to the virtue of respect for the elderly in Eastern Asia) and theorised how filial piety can improve the experience of the elderly in care. In the Jin-Ding project, I defined the contents of the ‘good old days’ from the elderly’s perspective. At the same time, I also borrowed data from a secondary project—the European-led Life 2.0—to create a comparative study of the concept of the ‘good old days’ and how it can be used between Eastern and Western ageing societies. The results have shown that the elderly highly value their ‘good old days’ experiences, regardless of culture or nationality; however, the practical implementation of the ‘good old days’ and extent to which they can be used as a tool for service design varies from culture to culture. I have presented the detailed similarities and differences in the second and third articles of the present dissertation. The three projects that were part of the research—Bo-Ai, Jin-Ding and Life 2.0—led to a few critical findings. First, the elderly want to return to the ‘good old days’ because the memories of these times are intimately linked to the elderly’s numerous (intrapersonal, interpersonal and interactional) interactions between themselves and others. The reason why the ‘good old days’ are so significant for the elderly is that the memories of these ‘good old days’ can satisfy their physical, mental and spiritual needs. To implement the concept of the ‘good old days’ in practical ways in elderly care, three elements must be taken into account: transformation, participation and experience. The research can show those practitioners who work in elderly care how to pay attention to the continuity of the elderly’s experiences between their past lives and current service care. The findings of this dissertation not only provide new insights for dealing with the ageing issue but, more importantly, offer the elderly the chance of improved well-being in their retirement age.Vanhustenhuollosta on tullut yksi suurimmista sosiaalisista haasteista sekĂ€ kehittyneissĂ€ ettĂ€ lĂ€hiaikoina kehittyneissĂ€ maissa kuten Kiinassa. Tutkijat ovat yrittĂ€neet ratkaista tĂ€tĂ€ monella tavalla. Esimerkiksi sosiaalityöntekijĂ€t ovat ehdottaneet vanhusten voimaannuttamista osallistamalla heitĂ€ suoraan palvelujen hallinnointiin. Myös palvelumuotoilijat ovat pyytĂ€neet heitĂ€ mukaan palveluiden suunnitteluun. Tavoitteena on ollut kehittÀÀ kĂ€yttĂ€jĂ€ystĂ€vĂ€llisempiĂ€ ja -keskeisempiĂ€ palveluita. Tutkijoiden tavoitteena on ollut vastata vanhusten tarpeisiin. Kuitenkin heiltĂ€ on jÀÀnyt huomioimatta vanhusten elĂ€mĂ€nkokemukset sekĂ€ nykyiset hoivakokemukset. TĂ€ssĂ€ vĂ€itöstutkimuksessa keskityn ”vanhaan hyvÀÀn aikaan”, vanhusten elĂ€mĂ€nkokemuksiin ja muistoihin sekĂ€ muisteluun ja nostalgiaan. KĂ€ytĂ€n nĂ€itĂ€ teemoja vanhustenhuollon kehittĂ€miseen kĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€. Kysyn seuraavia kysymyksiĂ€: Miksi vanhukset kaipaavat ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” kokemuksia vanhustenhuollossa? Kuinka muotoilijat voivat hyödyntÀÀ nĂ€itĂ€ kokemuksia sopivimpien palveluiden ja kokemusten kehittĂ€misessĂ€ vanhuksille? Vastatakseni nĂ€ihin kysymyksiin, olen ottanut kĂ€yttöön pragmaattisen otteen ja toteuttanut kaksi etnografista tutkimusprojektia: Bo-Ai ja Jin-Ding EtelĂ€-Kiinassa 2017 ja 2019. NĂ€iden projektien tulokset on julkaistu vĂ€itöskirjan ensimmĂ€isessĂ€ ja neljĂ€nnessĂ€ artikkelissa. Bo-AI projektissa mÀÀrittelin vanhempien kunnioittamiseen liittyvÀÀ arvoa (yksi ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” kokemuksia, johon viitataan vanhuksien kunnioittamisen hyveenĂ€ ItĂ€-Aasiassa) ja teoretisoin kuinka vanhempien kunnioittaminen voi parantaa hoivakokemusta. Jin-Ding projektissa mÀÀrittelin ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” vanhusten nĂ€kökulmasta. Samaan aikaan lainasin toissijaista aineistoa eurooppalaisesta Life 2.0 hankkeesta verratakseni ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” kĂ€sitettĂ€ ja tutkiakseni kuinka sitĂ€ voidaan kĂ€yttÀÀ idĂ€n ja lĂ€nnen ikÀÀntyvien yhteiskuntien vĂ€lillĂ€. Tulokset ovat osoittaneet, ettĂ€ vanhukset arvostavat suuresti heidĂ€n ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” kokemuksia kulttuurista ja kansallisuudesta riippumatta. Kuitenkin ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” kĂ€ytĂ€nnöllinen toteuttaminen palvelumuotoilun työkaluna vaihtelee kulttuurista kulttuuriin. Olen esittĂ€nyt sekĂ€ yksityiskohtaisia samanlaisuuksia ja erilaisuuksia vĂ€itöskirjan toisessa ja kolmannessa artikkelissa. Kolme tutkimuksen kohteena ollutta artikkelia Bo-Ai, Jin-Ding ja Life 2.0 johtivat kriittisiin johtopÀÀtöksiin. EnsinnĂ€kin vanhukset haluavat palata ”vanhaan hyvÀÀn aikaan”, koska nĂ€mĂ€ muistot linkittyvĂ€t tiiviisti vanhusten keskinĂ€isiin ja muihin vuorovaikutustilanteisiin. TĂ€mĂ€n vuoksi on merkittĂ€vÀÀ, ettĂ€ ”vanha hyvĂ€ aika” voisi vastata fyysisiin, henkisiin ja hengellisiin tarpeisiin. Jotta ”vanhan hyvĂ€n ajan” konseptia voidaan hyödyntÀÀ kĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€, pitÀÀ huomioida kolme asiaa: muutos, osallisuus ja kokemuksellisuus. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen valossa vanhustenhuollossa työskentelevien pitÀÀ kiinnittÀÀ huomiota jatkumoon vanhusten elĂ€mĂ€kokemuksen ja nykyisten palvelukokemusten vĂ€lillĂ€. VĂ€itöstutkimuksen tulokset eivĂ€t vain tarjoa uusia nĂ€kökulmia ikÀÀntymiseen, vaan tarjoavat vanhuksille mahdollisuuden parempaan hyvinvointiin elĂ€kkeellĂ€

    User-created personas: a four case multi-ethnic study of persona artefact co-design in pastoral and Urban Namibia with ovaHerero, Ovambo, ovaHimba and San communities

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    A persona is an artefact widely used in technology design to aid communicational processes between designers, users and other stakeholders involved in projects. Persona originated in the Global North as an interpretative portrayal of a group of users with commonalities. Persona lacks empirical research in the Global South, while projects appearing in the literature are often framed under the philosophy of User-Centred Design –this indicates they are anchored in western epistemologies. This thesis postulates persona depictions are expected to differ across locales, and that studying differences and similarities in such representations is imperative to avoid misrepresentations that in turn can lead to designerly miscommunications, and ultimately to unsuitable technology designs. The importance of this problematic is demonstrated through four exploratory case studies on persona artefacts co-designed with communities from four Namibian ethnicities, namely ovaHerero, ovaHimba, Ovambo and San. Findings reveal diverse self-representations whereby results for each ethnicity materialise in different ways, recounts and storylines: romanticised persona archetypes versus reality with ovaHerero; collective persona representations with ovaHimba; individualised personas with Ovambo, although embedded in narratives of collectivism and interrelatedness with other personas; and renderings of two contradictory personas of their selves with a group of San youth according to either being on their own (i.e. inspiring and aspirational) or mixed with other ethnic groups (i.e. ostracised). This thesis advocates for User-Created Personas (UCP) as a potentially valid tactic and methodology to iteratively pursue conceptualisations of persona artefacts that are capable to communicate localised nuances critical to designing useful and adequate technologies across locales: Methodologies to endow laypeople to co-design persona self-representations and the results and appraisals provided are this thesis’ main contribution to knowledge
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