5 research outputs found

    Dereverberation by Using Time-Variant Nature of Speech Production System

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    <p/> <p>This paper addresses the problem of blind speech dereverberation by inverse filtering of a room acoustic system. Since a speech signal can be modeled as being generated by a speech production system driven by an innovations process, a reverberant signal is the output of a composite system consisting of the speech production and room acoustic systems. Therefore, we need to extract only the part corresponding to the room acoustic system (or its inverse filter) from the composite system (or its inverse filter). The time-variant nature of the speech production system can be exploited for this purpose. In order to realize the time-variance-based inverse filter estimation, we introduce a joint estimation of the inverse filters of both the time-invariant room acoustic and the time-variant speech production systems, and present two estimation algorithms with distinct properties.</p

    Robuste Spracherkennung unter raumakustischen Umgebungsbedingungen

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    Bei der Überführung eines wissenschaftlichen Laborsystems zur automatischen Spracherkennung in eine reale Anwendung ergeben sich verschiedene praktische Problemstellungen, von denen eine der Verlust an Erkennungsleistung durch umgebende akustische Störungen ist. Im Gegensatz zu additiven Störungen wie Lüfterrauschen o. ä. hat die Wissenschaft bislang die Störung des Raumhalls bei der Spracherkennung nahezu ignoriert. Dabei besitzen, wie in der vorliegenden Dissertation deutlich gezeigt wird, bereits geringfügig hallende Räume einen stark störenden Einfluss auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Spracherkennern. Mit dem Ziel, die Erkennungsleistung wieder in einen praktisch benutzbaren Bereich zu bringen, nimmt sich die Arbeit dieser Problemstellung an und schlägt Lösungen vor. Der Hintergrund der wissenschaftlichen Aktivitäten ist die Erstellung von funktionsfähigen Sprachbenutzerinterfaces für Gerätesteuerungen im Wohn- und Büroumfeld, wie z.~B. bei der Hausautomation. Aus diesem Grund werden praktische Randbedingungen wie die Restriktionen von embedded Computerplattformen in die Lösungsfindung einbezogen. Die Argumentation beginnt bei der Beschreibung der raumakustischen Umgebung und der Ausbreitung von Schallfeldern in Räumen. Es wird theoretisch gezeigt, dass die Störung eines Sprachsignals durch Hall von zwei Parametern abhängig ist: der Sprecher-Mikrofon-Distanz (SMD) und der Nachhallzeit T60. Um die Abhängigkeit der Erkennungsleistung vom Grad der Hallstörung zu ermitteln, wird eine Anzahl von Erkennungsexperimenten durchgeführt, die den Einfluss von T60 und SMD nachweisen. Weitere Experimente zeigen, dass die Spracherkennung kaum durch hochfrequente Hallanteile beeinträchtigt wird, wohl aber durch tieffrequente. In einer Literaturrecherche wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Technik zu Maßnahmen gegeben, die den störenden Einfluss des Halls unterdrücken bzw. kompensieren können. Jedoch wird auch gezeigt, dass, obwohl bei einigen Maßnahmen von Verbesserungen berichtet wird, keiner der gefundenen Ansätze den o. a. praktischen Einsatzbedingungen genügt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode Harmonicity-based Feature Analysis (HFA) vorgeschlagen. Sie basiert auf drei Ideen, die aus den Betrachtungen der vorangehenden Kapitel abgeleitet werden. Experimentelle Ergebnisse weisen die Verbesserung der Erkennungsleistung in halligen Umgebungen nach. Es werden sogar praktisch relevante Erkennungsraten erzielt, wenn die Methode mit verhalltem Training kombiniert wird. Die HFA wird gegen Ansätze aus der Literatur evaluiert, die ebenfalls praktischen Implementierungskriterien genügen. Auch Kombinationen der HFA und einigen dieser Ansätze werden getestet. Im letzten Kapitel werden die beiden Basistechnologien Stimm\-haft-Stimmlos-Entscheidung und Grundfrequenzdetektion umfangreich unter Hallbedingungen getestet, da sie Voraussetzung für die Funktionsfähigkeit der HFA sind. Als Ergebnis wird dargestellt, dass derzeit für beide Technologien kein Verfahren existiert, das unter Hallbedingungen robust arbeitet. Es kann allerdings gezeigt werden, dass die HFA trotz der Unsicherheiten der Verfahren arbeitet und signifikante Steigerungen der Erkennungsleistung erreicht.Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems used in real-world indoor scenarios suffer from performance degradation if noise and reverberation conditions differ from the training conditions of the recognizer. This thesis deals with the problem of room reverberation as a cause of distortion in ASR systems. The background of this research is the design of practical command and control applications, such as a voice controlled light switch in rooms or similar applications. Therefore, the design aims to incorporate several restricting working conditions for the recognizer and still achieve a high level of robustness. One of those design restrictions is the minimisation of computational complexity to allow the practical implementation on an embedded processor. One chapter comprehensively describes the room acoustic environment, including the behavior of the sound field in rooms. It addresses the speaker room microphone (SRM) system which is expressed in the time domain as the room impulse response (RIR). The convolution of the RIR with the clean speech signal yields the reverberant signal at the microphone. A thorough analysis proposes that the degree of the distortion caused by reverberation is dependent on two parameters, the reverberation time T60 and the speaker-to-microphone distance (SMD). To evaluate the dependency of the recognition rate on the degree of distortion, a number of experiments has been successfully conducted, confirming the above mentioned dependency of the two parameters, T60 and SMD. Further experiments have shown that ASR is barely affected by high-frequency reverberation, whereas low frequency reverberation has a detrimental effect on the recognition rate. A literature survey concludes that, although several approaches exist which claim significant improvements, none of them fulfils the above mentioned practical implementation criteria. Within this thesis, a new approach entitled 'harmonicity-based feature analysis' (HFA) is proposed. It is based on three ideas that are derived in former chapters. Experimental results prove that HFA is able to enhance the recognition rate in reverberant environments. Even practical applicable results are achieved when HFA is combined with reverberant training. The method is further evaluated against three other approaches from the literature. Also combinations of methods are tested. In a last chapter the two base technologies fundamental frequency (F0) estimation and voiced unvoiced decision (VUD) are evaluated in reverberant environments, since they are necessary to run HFA. This evaluation aims to find one optimal method for each of these technologies. The results show that all F0 estimation methods and also the VUD methods have a strong decreasing performance in reverberant environments. Nevertheless it is shown that HFA is able to deal with uncertainties of these base technologies as such that the recognition performance still improves

    Efficient and Robust Methods for Audio and Video Signal Analysis

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    This thesis presents my research concerning audio and video signal processing and machine learning. Specifically, the topics of my research include computationally efficient classifier compounds, automatic speech recognition (ASR), music dereverberation, video cut point detection and video classification.Computational efficacy of information retrieval based on multiple measurement modalities has been considered in this thesis. Specifically, a cascade processing framework, including a training algorithm to set its parameters has been developed for combining multiple detectors or binary classifiers in computationally efficient way. The developed cascade processing framework has been applied on video information retrieval tasks of video cut point detection and video classification. The results in video classification, compared to others found in the literature, indicate that the developed framework is capable of both accurate and computationally efficient classification. The idea of cascade processing has been additionally adapted for the ASR task. A procedure for combining multiple speech state likelihood estimation methods within an ASR framework in cascaded manner has been developed. The results obtained clearly show that without impairing the transcription accuracy the computational load of ASR can be reduced using the cascaded speech state likelihood estimation process.Additionally, this thesis presents my work on noise robustness of ASR using a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) -based approach. Specifically, methods for transformation of sparse NMF-features into speech state likelihoods has been explored. The results reveal that learned transformations from NMF activations to speech state likelihoods provide better ASR transcription accuracy than dictionary label -based transformations. The results, compared to others in a noisy speech recognition -challenge show that NMF-based processing is an efficient strategy for noise robustness in ASR.The thesis also presents my work on audio signal enhancement, specifically, on removing the detrimental effect of reverberation from music audio. In the work, a linear prediction -based dereverberation algorithm, which has originally been developed for speech signal enhancement, was applied for music. The results obtained show that the algorithm performs well in conjunction with music signals and indicate that dynamic compression of music does not impair the dereverberation performance
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