37,491 research outputs found
Saliency difference based objective evaluation method for a superimposed screen of the HUD with various background
The head-up display (HUD) is an emerging device which can project information
on a transparent screen. The HUD has been used in airplanes and vehicles, and
it is usually placed in front of the operator's view. In the case of the
vehicle, the driver can see not only various information on the HUD but also
the backgrounds (driving environment) through the HUD. However, the projected
information on the HUD may interfere with the colors in the background because
the HUD is transparent. For example, a red message on the HUD will be less
noticeable when there is an overlap between it and the red brake light from the
front vehicle. As the first step to solve this issue, how to evaluate the
mutual interference between the information on the HUD and backgrounds is
important. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to evaluate the mutual
interference based on saliency. It can be evaluated by comparing the HUD part
cut from a saliency map of a measured image with the HUD image.Comment: 10 pages, 5 fighres, 1 table, accepted by IFAC-HMS 201
A First Step toward the Understanding of Implicit Learning of Hazard Anticipation in Inexperienced Road Users Through a Moped-Riding Simulator
Hazard perception is considered one of the most important abilities in road safety.
Several efforts have been devoted to investigating how it improves with experience
and can be trained. Recently, research has focused on the implicit aspects of hazard
detection, reaction, and anticipation. In the present study, we attempted to understand
how the ability to anticipate hazards develops during training with a moped-riding
simulator: the Honda Riding Trainer (HRT). Several studies have already validated the
HRT as a tool to enhance adolescents\u2019 hazard perception and riding abilities. In the
present study, as an index of hazard anticipation, we used skin conductance response
(SCR), which has been demonstrated to be linked to affective/implicit appraisal of risk.
We administered to a group of inexperienced road users five road courses two times a
week apart. In each course, participants had to deal with eight hazard scenes (except
one course that included only seven hazard scenes). Participants had to ride along
the HRT courses, facing the potentially hazardous situations, following traffic rules, and
trying to avoid accidents. During the task, we measured SCR and monitored driving
performance. The main results show that learning to ride the simulator leads to both a
reduction in the number of accidents and anticipation of the somatic response related
to hazard detection, as proven by the reduction of SCR onset recorded in the second
session. The finding that the SCR signaling the impending hazard appears earlier when
the already encountered hazard situations are faced anew suggests that training with
the simulator acts on the somatic activation associated with the experience of risky
situations, improving its effectiveness in detecting hazards in advance so as to avoid
accidents. This represents the starting point for future investigations into the process of
generalization of learning acquired in new virtual situations and in real-road situations
Deterrence, Incapacitation and Enforcement Design. Evidence from Traffic Enforcement in Italy
We investigate the deterrent effect on driving behavior due to the introduction of Demerit Point System in Italy. In addition, we measure the incapacitation effect on fatal accidents. Our findings highlight the high potential of the penalty system in reducing road fatalities through deterrence and incapacitation. Despite this, its aggregate effectiveness in Italy ultimately depended on the consistency of the enforcement design. We then suggest several policy options to increase road safety through a credible enforcement.deterrence, incapacitation, law enforcement, road safety
Constraining Attacker Capabilities Through Actuator Saturation
For LTI control systems, we provide mathematical tools - in terms of Linear
Matrix Inequalities - for computing outer ellipsoidal bounds on the reachable
sets that attacks can induce in the system when they are subject to the
physical limits of the actuators. Next, for a given set of dangerous states,
states that (if reached) compromise the integrity or safe operation of the
system, we provide tools for designing new artificial limits on the actuators
(smaller than their physical bounds) such that the new ellipsoidal bounds (and
thus the new reachable sets) are as large as possible (in terms of volume)
while guaranteeing that the dangerous states are not reachable. This guarantees
that the new bounds cut as little as possible from the original reachable set
to minimize the loss of system performance. Computer simulations using a
platoon of vehicles are presented to illustrate the performance of our tools
Sustainability, transport and design: reviewing the prospects for safely encouraging eco-driving
Private vehicle use contributes a disproportionately large amount to the degradation of the environment we inhabit. Technological advancement is of course critical to the mitigation of climate change, however alone it will not suffice; we must also see behavioural change. This paper will argue for the application of Ergonomics to the design of private vehicles, particularly low-carbon vehicles (e.g. hybrid and electric), to encourage this behavioural change. A brief review of literature is offered concerning the effect of the design of a technological object on behaviour, the inter-related nature of goals and feedback in guiding performance, the effect on fuel economy of different driving styles, and the various challenges brought by hybrid and electric vehicles, including range anxiety, workload and distraction, complexity, and novelty. This is followed by a discussion on the potential applicability of a particular design framework, namely Ecological Interface Design, to the design of in-vehicle interfaces that encourage energy-conserving driving behaviours whilst minimising distraction and workload, thus ensuring safety
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