AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI POLAR EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH STROBERI (Fragaria x ananassa) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus MULTIRESISTEN ANTIBIOTIK

Saat ini masyarakat lebih memilih untuk memanfaatkan tanaman obat dalam mengobati penyakit termasuk infeksi. Tanaman yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat salah satunya adalah buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) terhadap Escherichia coli multiresisten antibiotik dan Staphylococcus aureus multiresisten antibiotik. Ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) diperoleh dengan metode maserasi, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses fraksinasi. Fraksinasi menggunakan metode Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dengan eluen etilasetat:metanol. Fraksi yang diperoleh kemudian ditetapkan dan dikelompokkan menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Fraksi polar yang diperoleh diuji aktivitas penghambatan bakterinya dengan menggunakan metode dilusi cair. Pembuatan dilusi cair menggunakan microtube kemudian untuk menegaskan penghambatan terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik dilihat pada tabung reaksi yang berisi media Mueller Hinton (MH). Konsentrasi yang digunakan 8%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0,5%. Kadar terkecil yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri disebut sebagai Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM). Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia dari fraksi tersebut, maka dilakukan analisis KLT dengan fase gerak kloroform:metanol (9,5:0,5) dan fase diam yang digunakan silika gel GF254. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) mempunyai nilai KHM 8% b/v terhadap E. coli multiresisten antibiotik dan nilai KHM 4% b/v terhadap S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik. Hasil uji KLT menunjukkan bahwa fraksi polar ekstrak etanol buah stroberi mengandung flavonoid dan fenol

A Disjunctive Conception of Acting for Reasons

A disjunctivist conception of acting for reasons is introduced by way of showing that a view of acting for reasons must give a place to knowledge. Two principal claims are made. 1. This conception has a role analogous to that of the disjunctive conception that John McDowell recommends in thinking about perception; and when the two disjunctivist conceptions are treated as counterparts, they can be shown to have work to do in combination. 2. This conception of acting for reasons safeguards the connection between considerations that move us to act in particular ways and considerations that favour our acting in particular ways.Articl

Improved identification of viable myocardium using second harmonic imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether, compared with fundamental imaging, second harmonic imaging can improve the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography for identifying viable myocardium, using nuclear imaging as a reference. PATIENTS: 30 patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction (mean (SD) age, 60 (8) years; 22 men). METHODS: Dobutamine stress echocardiography was carried out in all patients using both fundamental and second harmonic imaging. All patients underwent dual isotope simultaneous acquisition single photon emission computed tomography (DISA-SPECT) with (99m)technetium-tetrofosmin/(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose on a separate day. Myocardial viability was considered present by dobutamine stress echocardiography when segments with severe dysfunction showed a biphasic sustained improvement or an ischaemic response. Viability criteria on DISA-SPECT were normal or mildly reduced perfusion and metabolism, or perfusion/metabolism mismatch. RESULTS: Using fundamental imaging, 330 segments showed severe dysfunction at baseline; 144 (44%) were considered viable. The agreement between dobutamine stress echocardiography by fundamental imaging and DISA-SPECT was 78%, kappa = 0.56. Using second harmonic imaging, 288 segments showed severe dysfunction; 138 (48%) were viable. The agreement between dobutamine stress echocardiography and DISA-SPECT was significantly better when second harmonic imaging was used (89%, kappa = 0.77, p = 0.001 v fundamental imaging). CONCLUSIONS: Second harmonic imaging applied during dobutamine stress echocardiography increases the agreement with DISA-SPECT for detecting myocardial viability

Self-Organized Flocking with Agent Failure: Off-Line Optimization and Demonstration with Real Robots

DISA

Risposte elettroantennografiche di Leiodes cinnamomea (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) a composti volatili di Tuber spp.

72011 DISA 1openopenDi Santo, P.; Vitagliano, S.; Anfora, G.; Paura, B.; Riolo, P.; Isidoro, N.; De Cristofaro, A.Di Santo, P.; Vitagliano, S.; Anfora, G.; Paura, B.; Riolo, P.; Isidoro, N.; De Cristofaro, A