New Developments in the Field of Radiochemical Ageing of Aromatic Polymers

Polymers having an aromatic backbone polymers have a high mechanical strength and a high modulus. Their aromaticity increases their resistance for use in relatively severe conditions especially in aerospace and nuclear industry for which lifetime prediction is a key issue. For example, a challenge for nuclear plants is to extend lifetime from the initially planned 40 years duration to 50 or 60 years, which makes necessary to determine lifetime by a non-empirical method. Since polymers mechanical failure originates from chain scission or crosslinking of the backbone, the ideal method of lifetime prediction would first involve the elaboration of a kinetic model for chain scission and crosslinking. Then, the changes of molecular mass would be related to the changes of mechanical properties using the available laws of polymers physics. Lifetime would be then determined using a pertinent lifetime criterion. A noticeable difficulty comes here from the fact that oxidation, which plays a key major role in chain scission, is diffusion controlled and thus heterogeneously distributed in sample thickness. It is crucial, indeed, to determine experimentally and to predict this depth distribution of chain scission and crosslinking because it will play a key role on fracture properties. This chapter will be henceforward devoted to the effect of aromaticity on radiostability, the effect on temperature on the chain scission/crosslinking competition, the diffusion limited oxidation (which will be illustrated by the effect of dose rate, atmosphere and sample thickness), then some concluding remarks on oxidative stability of aromatic polymers and the possible link with the absence of macromolecular mobility below Tg. We will start by some basics of radiochemistry which are necessary for the good understanding of this paper, and especially the quantitative treatment for crosslinking and chain scission

Ionizing Radiation in Medical Imaging and Efforts in Dose Optimization

Medical-related radiation is the largest source of controllable radiation exposure to humans and it accounts for more than 95% of radiation exposure from man-made sources. Its direct benefits in modern day medical practices are beyond doubt but risks-benefits ratios need to be constantly monitored as the use of ionizing radiation is increasing rapidly. From 1980 to 2006, the per-capita effective dose from diagnostic and interventional medical procedures in the United States increased almost six fold, from 0.5 to 3.0mSv, while contributions from other sources remained static (NCRP report no 160, 2009). This chapter will review radiation exposure from medical imaging initially starting from a historical viewpoint as well as discussing innovative technologies on the horizon. The challenges for the medical community in addressing the increasing trend of radiation usage will be discussed as well as the latest research in dose justification and optimization.link_to_OA_fulltex