Coverage analysis for 2D/3D millimeter wave peer-to-peer networks

This paper presents a theoretical analysis for estimating the coverage probability in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) peer-to-peer (P2P) millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless networks. The analysis is carried out adopting suitable link state models and realistic propagation conditions, involving path-loss attenuation, angular dispersion, mid- and small-scale fading, which comply with recent channel measurements. The presented framework accounts in detail for the actual shape of the transmitting/receiving antenna patterns and for the spatial statistic that describes the node location, by considering the widely adopted Poisson point process, the uniform distribution, and the random waypoint mobility model. Analytical expressions for the statistic of the received power and simple integral formulas for the coverage probability in the presence of interference and noise are derived. The accuracy of the obtained estimations and of the introduced approximations is checked by independent Monte Carlo validations. As possible applications in the 3D mmWave context, the conceived mathematical theory is used to discuss the impact of the interference model on the reliability of the noise-limited approximation, and to estimate the average link capacity of an interfered P2P communication

Limiting Performance of Millimeter-Wave Communications in the Presence of a 3D Random Waypoint Mobility Model

This paper proposes a mathematical framework for evaluating the limiting capacity of a millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication involving a mobile user (MU) and a cellular base station. The investigation is realized considering a threedimensional (3D) space in which the random waypoint mobility model is used to probabilistically identify the location of the MUs. Besides, the analysis is developed accounting for path-loss attenuation, directional antenna gains, shadowing, and modulation scheme. Closed-form formulas for the received signal power, the Shannon capacity, and the bit error rate (BER) are obtained for both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS scenarios in the presence of a noise-limited operating regime. The conceived theoretical model is firstly checked by Monte Carlo validations, and then employed to explore the influence of the antenna gain and of the cell radius on the capacity and on the BER of a fifth-generation (5G) link in a 3D environment, taking into account both the 28 and 73 GHz mmWave bands

Coverage and Throughput Analysis for Peer-to-Peer 6G Directional Slotted Aloha Bursty Networks

This paper presents a theoretical framework for investigating the coverage and throughput behavior of sixth generation (6G) peer-to-peer (P2P) directional slotted Aloha (DirSA) networks managing bursty traffic flows. Proper channel models, accounting for interference, noise, path-loss, random node location, power fluctuation, and beam pointing error, are adopted to derive analytical expressions for the statistic of the received power in ground, air, and space propagation contexts. The resulting coverage probability, obtained in simple integral form for different omnidirectional/directional transmission/reception modes, is exploited to derive multidimensional Markov chains for estimating the throughput in the absence and in the presence of a feedback mechanism, considering also the impact of the initial access procedure and of the beam training overhead. The theoretical results, which are validated by exhaustive Monte Carlo simulations, are used to evaluate the influence of the code-modulation scheme, of the operating signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and of the burst length on the performance of 6G terrestrial, aerial, and satellite P2P DirSA subnets

The Uses of a Dual-Band Corrugated Circularly Polarized Horn Antenna for 5G Systems

This paper presents the development of a wide-beam width, dual-band, omnidirectional antenna for the mm-wave band used in 5G communication systems for indoor coverage. The 5G indoor environment includes features of wide space and short range. Additionally, it needs to function well under a variety of circumstances in order to carry out its diverse set of network applications. The waveguide antenna has been designed to be small enough to meet the requirements of mm-wave band and utilizes a corrugated horn to produce a wide beam width. Additionally, it is small enough to integrate with 5G communication products and is easy to manufacture. This design is simple enough to have multi-feature antenna performance and is more useful for the femtocell repeater. The corrugated circularly polarized horn antenna has been designed for two frequency bands; namely, 26.5–30 GHz for the low band and 36–40 GHz for high band. The results of this study show that return-loss is better than 18 dB for both low and high band. The peak gain is 6.1 dBi for the low band and 8.7 dBi for the high band. The beam width is 105 degrees and 77 degrees for the low band and the high band, respectively. The axial ratio is less than 5.2 dB for both low and high band. Generally, traditional circularly polarized antennas cannot meet the requirements for broadband. The designs for the antennas proposed here can meet the requirements of FR2 bandwidths. This feature limits axial ratio performance. The measurement error in the current experiment comes from the high precision control on the size of the ridge

Sixth Generation (6G)Wireless Networks: Vision, Research Activities, Challenges and Potential Solutions

The standardization activities of the fifth generation communications are clearly over and deployment has commenced globally. To sustain the competitive edge of wireless networks, industrial and academia synergy have begun to conceptualize the next generation of wireless communication systems (namely, sixth generation, (6G)) aimed at laying the foundation for the stratification of the communication needs of the 2030s. In support of this vision, this study highlights the most promising lines of research from the recent literature in common directions for the 6G project. Its core contribution involves exploring the critical issues and key potential features of 6G communications, including: (i) vision and key features; (ii) challenges and potential solutions; and (iii) research activities. These controversial research topics were profoundly examined in relation to the motivation of their various sub-domains to achieve a precise, concrete, and concise conclusion. Thus, this article will contribute significantly to opening new horizons for future research direction

Investigation of Prediction Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Parameter Stability of Large-Scale Propagation Path Loss Models for 5G Wireless Communications

This paper compares three candidate large-scale propagation path loss models for use over the entire microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radio spectrum: the alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) model, the close-in (CI) free space reference distance model, and the CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF). Each of these models have been recently studied for use in standards bodies such as 3GPP, and for use in the design of fifth generation (5G) wireless systems in urban macrocell, urban microcell, and indoor office and shopping mall scenarios. Here we compare the accuracy and sensitivity of these models using measured data from 30 propagation measurement datasets from 2 GHz to 73 GHz over distances ranging from 4 m to 1238 m. A series of sensitivity analyses of the three models show that the physically-based two-parameter CI model and three-parameter CIF model offer computational simplicity, have very similar goodness of fit (i.e., the shadow fading standard deviation), exhibit more stable model parameter behavior across frequencies and distances, and yield smaller prediction error in sensitivity testing across distances and frequencies, when compared to the four-parameter ABG model. Results show the CI model with a 1 m close-in reference distance is suitable for outdoor environments, while the CIF model is more appropriate for indoor modeling. The CI and CIF models are easily implemented in existing 3GPP models by making a very subtle modification -- by replacing a floating non-physically based constant with a frequency-dependent constant that represents free space path loss in the first meter of propagation.Comment: Open access available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=743465

Bluetooth 5.0 Suitability Assessment for Emergency Response within Fire Environments

Natural disasters, such as wildfires, can cause widespread devastation. Future-proofing infrastructure, such as buildings and bridges, through technological advancements is crucial to minimize their impact. Fires in disasters often stem from damaged fuel lines and electrical equipment, such as the 2018 California wildfire caused by a power line fault. To enhance safety, IoT applications can continuously monitor the health of emergency personnel. Using Bluetooth 5.0 and wearables in mesh networks, these apps can alert others about an individual’s location during emergencies. However, fire can disrupt wireless networks. This study assesses Bluetooth 5.0’s performance in transmitting signals in fire conditions. It examined received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values in a front open-fire chamber using both Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and mesh networks. The experiment considered three transmission heights of 0.61, 1.22, and 1.83 m and two distances of 11.13 m and 1.52 m. The study demonstrated successful signal transmission with a maximum loss of only 2 dB when transmitting through the fire. This research underscores the potential for reliable communication in fire-prone environments, improving safety during natural disasters