30 research outputs found
Byzantine Attack and Defense in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey
The Byzantine attack in cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS), also known as the
spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack in the literature, is one of
the key adversaries to the success of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In the
past couple of years, the research on the Byzantine attack and defense
strategies has gained worldwide increasing attention. In this paper, we provide
a comprehensive survey and tutorial on the recent advances in the Byzantine
attack and defense for CSS in CRNs. Specifically, we first briefly present the
preliminaries of CSS for general readers, including signal detection
techniques, hypothesis testing, and data fusion. Second, we analyze the spear
and shield relation between Byzantine attack and defense from three aspects:
the vulnerability of CSS to attack, the obstacles in CSS to defense, and the
games between attack and defense. Then, we propose a taxonomy of the existing
Byzantine attack behaviors and elaborate on the corresponding attack
parameters, which determine where, who, how, and when to launch attacks. Next,
from the perspectives of homogeneous or heterogeneous scenarios, we classify
the existing defense algorithms, and provide an in-depth tutorial on the
state-of-the-art Byzantine defense schemes, commonly known as robust or secure
CSS in the literature. Furthermore, we highlight the unsolved research
challenges and depict the future research directions.Comment: Accepted by IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutoiral
Deep reinforcement learning for attacking wireless sensor networks
Recent advances in Deep Reinforcement Learning allow solving increasingly complex problems. In this work, we show how current defense mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks are vulnerable to attacks that use these advances. We use a Deep Reinforcement Learning attacker architecture that allows having one or more attacking agents that can learn to attack using only partial observations. Then, we subject our architecture to a test-bench consisting of two defense mechanisms against a distributed spectrum sensing attack and a backoff attack. Our simulations show that our attacker learns to exploit these systems without having a priori information about the defense mechanism used nor its concrete parameters. Since our attacker requires minimal hyper-parameter tuning, scales with the number of attackers, and learns only by interacting with the defense mechanism, it poses a significant threat to current defense procedures
When Attackers Meet AI: Learning-empowered Attacks in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Defense strategies have been well studied to combat Byzantine attacks that
aim to disrupt cooperative spectrum sensing by sending falsified versions of
spectrum sensing data to a fusion center. However, existing studies usually
assume network or attackers as passive entities, e.g., assuming the prior
knowledge of attacks is known or fixed. In practice, attackers can actively
adopt arbitrary behaviors and avoid pre-assumed patterns or assumptions used by
defense strategies. In this paper, we revisit this security vulnerability as an
adversarial machine learning problem and propose a novel learning-empowered
attack framework named Learning-Evaluation-Beating (LEB) to mislead the fusion
center. Based on the black-box nature of the fusion center in cooperative
spectrum sensing, our new perspective is to make the adversarial use of machine
learning to construct a surrogate model of the fusion center's decision model.
We propose a generic algorithm to create malicious sensing data using this
surrogate model. Our real-world experiments show that the LEB attack is
effective to beat a wide range of existing defense strategies with an up to 82%
of success ratio. Given the gap between the proposed LEB attack and existing
defenses, we introduce a non-invasive method named as influence-limiting
defense, which can coexist with existing defenses to defend against LEB attack
or other similar attacks. We show that this defense is highly effective and
reduces the overall disruption ratio of LEB attack by up to 80%
Rogue Signal Threat on Trust-based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are a next generation network that is expected to solve the wireless spectrum shortage problem, which is the shrinking of available wireless spectrum resources needed to facilitate future wireless applications. The first CRN standard, the IEEE 802.22, addresses this particular problem by allowing CRNs to share geographically unused TV spectrum to mitigate the spectrum shortage. Equipped with reasoning and learning engines, cognitive radios operate autonomously to locate unused channels to maximize its own bandwidth and Quality-of-Service (QoS). However, their increased capabilities over traditional radios introduce a new dimension of security threats.
In an NSF 2009 workshop, the FCC raised the question, “What authentication mechanisms are needed to support cooperative cognitive radio networks? Are reputation-based schemes useful supplements to conventional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) authentication protocols?” Reputation-based schemes in cognitive radio networks are a popular technique for performing robust and accurate spectrum sensing without any inter-communication with licensed networks, but the question remains on how effective they are at satisfying the FCC security requirements.
Our work demonstrates that trust-based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) protocols are vulnerable to rogue signals, which creates the illusion of inside attackers and raises the concern that such schemes are overly sensitive Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). The erosion of the sensor reputations in trust-based CSS protocols makes CRNs vulnerable to future attacks. To counter this new threat, we introduce community detection and cluster analytics to detect and negate the impact of rogue signals on sensor reputations