Martingale families and dimension in P

AbstractWe introduce a new measure notion on small complexity classes (called F-measure), based on martingale families, that gets rid of some drawbacks of previous measure notions: it can be used to define dimension because martingale families can make money on all strings, and it yields random sequences with an equal frequency of 0’s and 1’s. On larger complexity classes (E and above), F-measure is equivalent to Lutz resource-bounded measure. As applications to F-measure, we answer a question raised in [E. Allender, M. Strauss, Measure on small complexity classes, with application for BPP, in: Proc. of the 35th Ann. IEEE Symp. on Found. of Comp. Sci., 1994, pp. 807–818] by improving their result to: for almost every language A decidable in subexponential time, PA=BPPA. We show that almost all languages in PSPACE do not have small non-uniform complexity. We compare F-measure to previous notions and prove that martingale families are strictly stronger than Γ-measure [E. Allender, M. Strauss, Measure on small complexity classes, with application for BPP, in: Proc. of the 35th Ann. IEEE Symp. on Found. of Comp. Sci., 1994, pp. 807–818], we also discuss the limitations of martingale families concerning finite unions. We observe that all classes closed under polynomial many-one reductions have measure zero in EXP iff they have measure zero in SUBEXP. We use martingale families to introduce a natural generalization of Lutz resource-bounded dimension [J.H. Lutz, Dimension in complexity classes, in: Proceedings of the 15th Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, 2000, pp. 158–169] on P, which meets the intuition behind Lutz’s notion. We show that P-dimension lies between finite-state dimension and dimension on E. We prove an analogue of a Theorem of Eggleston in P, i.e. the class of languages whose characteristic sequence contains 1’s with frequency α, has dimension the Shannon entropy of α in P

The isomorphism conjecture for constant depth reductions

For any class C closed under TC0 reductions, and for any measure u of uniformity containing Dlogtime, it is shown that all sets complete for C under u-uniform AC0 reductions are isomorphic under u-uniform AC0-computable isomorphisms

Constant Depth Circuits and the Lutz Hypothesis

The central hypothesis in the theory of resource-bounded measure [6] is the assertion that NP does not have measure 0 in Exponential Time. This is a quantitative strengthening of the assertion that NP does not equal P. We show that the analog in P of this hypothesis fails dramatically. In fact, we show that nondeterministic time n to the power (1=11) has measure zero in P. These follow as consequences of our main theorem that the collection of languages accepted by constant-depth nearly exponential-size AND-OR-NOT circuits has measure zero at polynomial time. In contrast, we show that the class of languages accepted by depth-4 polynomial-size circuits with AND, OR, NOT, and PARITY gates does not have measure zero at polynomial time. Our proof is based on techniques from circuit complexity theory and pseudorandom generators. Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260. Research supported in part by NSF grants CCR-9057486 and CCR-9319093, ..