PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KONSENTRASI ASAM SITRAT DAN PEKTIN \ud TERHADAP MUTU SELAI BUAH NAGA DAGING MERAH (Hylocereus \ud polyrhizus) Grade C

Dragon fruit of grade C represent fruit owning low quality and price sell less good in marketing which because of size measure factor and fruit condition, but till now its it still limited that is only enjoyed directly, and not yet realized that dragon fruit also can be made to become an \ud product of producing fruit that is in the form of jam. Jam represent one of wet semi food product, in general in making of jam often arise the problem of that is jam too watery or too hard. To prevent in order not to happened the mentioned hence in making of jam require to be enhanced \ud by supporter materials for example in the form of pectin and cittrate, because giving of the materials will form sturdy gel, which in its gift have to be paid attention \ud This research aim to know influence of addition of cittrate concentration and pectin to quality of red flesh dragon fruit jam and to know the addition of concentration how much/many pectin and cittrate give best influence to quality of red flesh dragon fruit jam. \ud The population of this research is red flesh dragon fruit, while for sample in this research is counted 2250 red flesh dragon fruit gram which taken by Simple Random Sampling. Device Attempt in this research is using complete random device which compiled factorially where there is 2 treatments factor that is first factor ( Addition of Concentration Cittrate 0,35%, 0,40%, 0,45%) and second factor ( Addition of Concentration Pectin 1%, 1,25%, 1,30%) and third restating. While for analysis to use anava two factors and continued by test of Duncan'S of manner indicate that Fhitung > Ftabel 5% meaning that pectin and cittrate have an effect on to quality of red flesh dragon fruit jam \ud Result as a whole best treatment is treatment of A1P3 ( Addition of cittrate concentration 0,35% and Addition of pectin concentration 1,30%) yielding jam product having best quality evaluated from standard quality of jam have rate irrigate 34,629%, sugar rate reduce 54,969%, \ud organoleptik feel 3,8, aroma 3,5, colour 3,7 and textures 3,3 with the meaning taken a fancy to by panelist

Seven benzimidazole pesticides combined at sub-threshold levels induce micronuclei in vitro

This article is made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Benzimidazoles act by disrupting microtubule polymerisation and are capable of inducing the formation of micronuclei. Considering the similarities in their mechanisms of action (inhibition of microtubule assembly by binding to the colchicine-binding site on tubulin monomers), combination effects according to the principles of concentration addition might occur. If so, it is to be expected that several benzimidazoles contribute to micronucleus formation even when each single one is present at or below threshold levels. This would have profound implications for risk assessment, but the idea has never been tested rigorously. To fill this gap, we analysed micronucleus frequencies for seven benzimidazoles, including the fungicide benomyl, its metabolite carbendazim, the anthelmintics albendazole, albendazole oxide, flubendazole, mebendazole and oxibendazole. Thiabendazole was also tested but was inactive. We used the cytochalasin-blocked micronucleus assay with CHO-K1 cells according to OECD guidelines, and employed an automated micronucleus scoring system based on image analysis to establish quantitative concentration–response relationships for the seven active benzimidazoles. Based on this information, we predicted additive combination effects for a mixture of the seven benzimidazoles by using the concepts of concentration addition and independent action. The observed effects of the mixture agreed very well with those predicted by concentration addition. Independent action underestimated the observed combined effects by a large margin. With a mixture that combined all benzimidazoles at their estimated threshold concentrations for micronucleus induction, micronucleus frequencies of ~15.5% were observed, correctly anticipated by concentration addition. On the basis of independent action, this mixture was expected to produce no effects. Our data provide convincing evidence that concentration addition is applicable to combinations of benzimidazoles that form micronuclei by disrupting microtubule polymerisation. They present a rationale for grouping these chemicals together for the purpose of cumulative risk assessment.United Kingdom Food Standards Agenc

Effect of salt concentrations on the growth of heat-stressed and unstressed escherichia coli

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Reduced heat flow in light water (H2O) due to heavy water (D2O)

The flow of heat, from top to bottom, in a column of light water can be decreased by over 1000% with the addition of heavy water. A column of light water cools from 25 C to 0 C in 11 hours, however, with the addition of heavy water it takes more than 100 hours. There is a concentration dependence where the cooling time increases as the concentration of added (D2O) increases, with a near maximum being reached with as little as 2% of (D2O) added. This phenomenon will not occur if the water is mixed after the heavy water is added.Comment: 18 pages, 22 figures, PD

Influences of chloride immersion on zeta potential and chloride in concentration of cement-based materials

In this paper, the zeta potential of freshly mixed cement paste and hardened cement pastes, as well as the concentration index, was measured. The influences of chloride concentration in mixing water and slag content on zeta potential of freshly mixed pastes were studied. A proposed model was expressed to explain the relationship of zeta potential and concentration index of hardened cement pastes immersed in chloride solution. The results showed that the increase of chloride concentration in mixing water and slag replacement improved the zeta potential of freshly mixed cement, the hydration rate and concentration of ions in mixed water affects the zeta potential. With the increase of chloride concentration in soaking solution, the chloride concentration index and zeta potential of hardened cement paste all gradually decreased. The addition of slag gave some changes on chloride in concentration and zeta potential. The relationship among chloride concentration index, chloride concentration in soaking solution and slag replacement revealed by Gouy-Chapman model was in good agreement with the measured results

Eigenfunction scarring and improvements in L∞L^{\infty} bounds

We study the relationship between $L^\infty$ growth of eigenfunctions and their $L^2$ concentration as measured by defect measures. In particular, we show that scarring in the sense of concentration of defect measure on certain submanifolds is incompatible with maximal $L^\infty$ growth. In addition, we show that a defect measure which is too diffuse, such as the Liouville measure, is also incompatible with maximal eigenfunction growth.Comment: 10 page

Modelling extreme concentration from a source in a turbulent flow over rough wall

The concentration fluctuations in passive plumes from an elevated and a groundlevel source in a turbulent boundary layer over a rough wall were studied using large eddy simulation and wind tunnel experiment. The predictions of statistics up to second order moments were thereby validated. In addition, the trend of relative fluctuations far downstream for a ground level source was estimated using dimensional analysis. The techniques of extreme value theory were then applied to predict extreme concentrations by modelling the upper tail of the probability density function of the concentration time series by the Generalised Pareto Distribution. Data obtained from both the simulations and experiments were analysed in this manner. The predicted maximum concentration (?0) normalized by the local mean concentration (Cm) or by the local r.m.s of concentration fluctuation (crms), was extensively investigated. Values for ?0/Cm and ?0/crms as large as 50 and 20 respectively were found for the elevated source and 10 and 15 respectively for the ground-level source

On the Super-Additivity and Estimation Biases of Quantile Contributions

Sample measures of top centile contributions to the total (concentration) are downward biased, unstable estimators, extremely sensitive to sample size and concave in accounting for large deviations. It makes them particularly unfit in domains with power law tails, especially for low values of the exponent. These estimators can vary over time and increase with the population size, as shown in this article, thus providing the illusion of structural changes in concentration. They are also inconsistent under aggregation and mixing distributions, as the weighted average of concentration measures for A and B will tend to be lower than that from A U B. In addition, it can be shown that under such fat tails, increases in the total sum need to be accompanied by increased sample size of the concentration measurement. We examine the estimation superadditivity and bias under homogeneous and mixed distributions

Light Scattering from Nonequilibrium Concentration Fluctuations in a Polymer solution

We have performed light-scattering measurements in dilute and semidilute polymer solutions of polystyrene in toluene when subjected to stationary temperature gradients. Five solutions with concentrations below and one solution with a concentration above the overlap concentration were investigated. The experiments confirm the presence of long-range nonequilibrium concentration fluctuations which are proportional to $(\nabla T)^2/k^4$, where $\nabla T$ is the applied temperature gradient and $k$ is the wave number of the fluctuations. In addition, we demonstrate that the strength of the nonequilibrium concentration fluctuations, observed in the dilute and semidilute solution regime, agrees with theoretical values calculated from fluctuating hydrodynamics. Further theoretical and experimental work will be needed to understand nonequilibrium fluctuations in polymer solutions at higher concentrations.Comment: revtex, 16 pages, 7 figures. J. Chem. Phys., to appea

Coherent-state phase concentration by quantum probabilistic amplification

We propose novel coherent-state phase concentration by probabilistic measurement-induced ampli- fication. The amplification scheme uses novel architecture, thermal noise addition (instead of single photon addition) followed by feasible multiple photon subtraction using realistic photon-number resolving detector. It allows to substantially amplify weak coherent states and simultaneously reduce their phase uncertainty, contrary to the deterministic amplifier