222 research outputs found
CMFRI Annual Report 2022 केंद्रीय समुद्री मात्स्यिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन 2022
In 2022, the total marine fish
landings along the coast of India’s
mainland were approximately 3.49
million tonnes, indicating a 14.53%
increase compared to 2021. The year
saw a significant rise of 28.02% in
fish landings compared to the
pandemic-affected year of 2020.
However, despite these
improvements, the 2022 estimate
was 2.0% lower than the pre-COVID
year of 2019. Among the coastal
states, Tamil Nadu secured the
highest position with 7.22 lakh
tonnes of fish landings, followed by
Karnataka with 6.95 lakh tonnes and
Kerala with 6.87 lakh tonnes.
Gujarat, which had previously held
the top rankings, dropped to fourth
place with 5.03 lakh tonnes. These
four states, namely Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Kerala, and Gujarat
accounted for 20.69%, 19.90%,
19.68%, and 14.40% of the national
total, respectively. Except for Odisha
and Gujarat, all states witnessed an
increase in fish landings
compared to 2021
The Ins and outs of the chromatoid body
Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiation process that produces millions of genetically unique sperm cells every day. During spermatogenesis the developing germ cells undergo metamorphic changes as they transform from primitive spermatogonial stem cells to large meiotic spermatocytes, divide into smaller round spermatids and finally become streamlined, compact sperm. Each cell type has a unique transcriptional profile. Early cells of spermatogenesis, especially meiotic spermatocytes express massive amounts of transcripts while transcription is completely halted later due to the nuclear condensation of spermatids. To cope with these transcriptomic challenges, large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules called germ granules appear and provide dynamic platforms for the transcripts and their regulators to come together.
Here, two proteins of the largest germ granule, the Chromatoid Body (CB), were selected for investigation: the autophagosome transporting FYCO1 and the RNA degrading endonuclease SMG6. Two mouse lines were created to reveal the roles of these germ granule components in spermatogenesis. The results show that FYCO1 is needed for the integrity of germ granules. CB morphology was disrupted in the absence of FYCO1, a phenotype that worsened under stress conditions. Nonetheless FYCO1 depleted mice were fertile. Conversely, the deletion of the second component, endonuclease SMG6, lead to infertility. The results showed that SMG6 is required for the transcriptional balance of developing germ cells which it regulates together with the piRNA pathway. Both studies highlight the importance of germ granules in spermatogenesis.
Overall, this thesis comprises three studies. First, a simple BSA-gradient method to isolate round spermatids and spermatocytes from mice using standard laboratory equipment was developed to facilitate the two main studies of this thesis work. In the first of these studies FYCO1 was identified as a link between autophagy and the CB while the second revealed the role of the endonuclease SMG6 in spermatogenesis and male germ cells transcriptional integrity. Together these two studies contribute to revealing the functions of the enigmatic germ granules and the pivotal roles they play for the maintenance of male fertility.Kromatoidikappale: Sukellus pintaa syvemmälle
Tahaton lapsettomuus on maailmanlaajuisessa kasvussa ja erityisesti miesten hedelmällisyyden häiriöistä tiedetään edelleen vähän. Spermatogeneesi on ainutlaatuinen, monimutkainen ja tarkoin säädelty kehitysprosessi. Ensin kantasolut jakautuvat mitoottisesti kasvattaakseen määräänsä. Meioosissa ne sekoittavat geneettisen materiaalinsa luoden uusia yhdistelmiä, mahdollistaen evoluution. Lopulta ne käyvät läpi morfologisen muodonmuutoksen pyöreästä solusta siittiölle tyypilliseen virtaviivaiseen ulkomuotoonsa. Sukusolut ilmentävät genomiaan aktiivisesti ja niiden RNA profiili onkin poikkeuksellisen monimuotoinen verrattuna muihin erilaistuneisiin soluihin. RNA‐säätely on erittäin tärkeässä asemassa, ja onnistuneeseen kehitykseen tarvitaan laaja kirjo erilaisia mekanismeja. Tärkeässä osassa ovat niin sanotut sukusolujyvät, joihin RNA molekyylit ja RNA:ta sitovat proteiinit kerääntyvät.
Olen väitöskirjatyössäni keskittynyt hedelmällisyyden kannalta tärkeän sukusolujyvän, kromatoidikappaleen (Chromatoid body, CB), toimintaan ja luonut kaksi poistogeenistä hiirimallia niin, että yksi CB komponentti, joko FYCO1 tai SMG6, on poistettu uroshiiriltä. Yllättäen puutteita siittiönmuodostuksesta ei löytynyt FYCO1-poistogeenisiltä uroksilta, vaikka CB:n ulkomuoto ja toiminta olikin häiriintynyt. Yhteys CB:n ja autofagian, joka on solujen oma kierrätys ja laadunvalvonta mekanismi, välillä kuitenkin paljastui. Tutkimus osoitti myös, että FYCO1 proteiinilla on tärkeä rooli sukusolujyvästen rakenteen ylläpidossa. Toisessa työssä keskityttiin tutkimaan RNA:ta hajottavan SMG6 proteiinin roolia sukusoluissa. Smg6-poistogeenisten uroshiirien siittiönmuodostus oli vakavasti häiriintynyt ja urokset olivat hedelmättömiä. Erityisesti kehittyvien siittiöiden normaalin RNA profiilin ylläpidossa oli ongelmia Smg6-poistogeenisilla uroshiirillä, mikä kertoo SMG6 proteiinin mahdollisista tehtävistä sukusoluissa. Näiden töiden lisäksi väitöskirjaani sisältyy kolmas työ, jossa kehitettiin uusi menetelmä, jolla eri sukusolujen eristäminen kiveksestä on mahdollista myös hyvin pienellä alkumateriaalilla, jolla toivomme voivamme vaikuttaa koe-eläinten käyttömäärän vähentämiseen. Tämä menetelmä myös mahdollistaa solueritellyn sukusolututkimuksen laajemmalle tutkijayhteisölle. Kokonaisuutena väitöskirjani valaisee sukusolujyvästen tärkeää tehtävää siittiönmuodostuksessa, sekä paljastaa molekyylitason mekanismeja tässä elintärkeässä prosessissa
XVI Agricultural Science Congress 2023: Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
The XVI Agricultural Science Congress being jointly organized by the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(NAAS) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 10-13 October 2023, at hotel Le Meridien,
Kochi, is a mega event echoing the theme “Transformation of Agri-Food Systems for achieving Sustainable
Development Goals”. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute takes great pride in hosting the XVI ASC,
which will be the perfect point of convergence of academicians, researchers, students, farmers, fishers, traders,
entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders involved in agri-production systems that ensure food and nutritional security
for a burgeoning population.
With impeding challenges like growing urbanization, increasing unemployment, growing population, increasing
food demands, degradation of natural resources through human interference, climate change impacts and natural
calamities, the challenges ahead for India to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out by the
United Nations are many. The XVI ASC will provide an interface for dissemination of useful information across all
sectors of stakeholders invested in developing India’s agri-food systems, not only to meet the SDGs, but also to
ensure a stable structure on par with agri-food systems around the world.
It is an honour to present this Book of Abstracts which is a compilation of a total of 668 abstracts that convey the
results of R&D programs being done in India. The abstracts have been categorized under 10 major Themes – 1.
Ensuring Food & Nutritional Security: Production, Consumption and Value addition; 2. Climate Action for Sustainable
Agri-Food Systems; 3. Frontier Science and emerging Genetic Technologies: Genome, Breeding, Gene Editing;
4. Livestock-based Transformation of Food Systems; 5. Horticulture-based Transformation of Food Systems; 6.
Aquaculture & Fisheries-based Transformation of Food Systems; 7. Nature-based Solutions for Sustainable AgriFood Systems; 8. Next Generation Technologies: Digital Agriculture, Precision Farming and AI-based Systems; 9.
Policies and Institutions for Transforming Agri-Food Systems; 10. International Partnership for Research, Education
and Development.
This Book of Abstracts sets the stage for the mega event itself, which will see a flow of knowledge emanating
from a zeal to transform and push India’s Agri-Food Systems to perform par excellence and achieve not only the
SDGs of the UN but also to rise as a world leader in the sector. I thank and congratulate all the participants who
have submitted abstracts for this mega event, and I also applaud the team that has strived hard to publish this
Book of Abstracts ahead of the event. I wish all the delegates and participants a very vibrant and memorable
time at the XVI ASC
Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Metabolism
The control of energy metabolism is a central event for cell, organ, and organism survival. There are many control levels in energy metabolism, although in this Special Issue, we concentrated on the neuroendocrine control which is operated through specialized neural circuits controlling both food intake and energy expenditure. Due to the explosion of obesity and associated diseases, the subject of this Special Issue is of particular interest today
Systematics and Diversity of Annelids
In this Special Issue, we address the state of the art of the systematics of the main annelid groups and the improvements in the diversity they hold, with special emphasis on the latest discoveries in well-studied areas, expeditions to unsurveyed areas or environments, or the use of novel techniques that allow for the improvement of biodiversity knowledge. We are hoping that this Special Issue will provide a platform facilitating a review of current knowledge on the subject, identifying current research problems, as well as indicating directions and research trends for the future
Phyllodocida (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the North East Atlantic as a model for the investigation of cryptic species
Tese de doutoramento em Biology (especialização em Integral Management of the Sea)Molecular techniques have been effective in signalling potential hidden diversity in species displaying
similar morphology and presumed widespread distribution. In this study, members of Phyllodocida
collected along European coasts were used as a model taxon to investigate this topic, by employing a
combination of multi-locus molecular data (mtCOI-5P, 16SrRNA, ITS regions and 28SrRNA), together with
morphological and morphometric examination. This work identified a large number of undescribed cryptic
lineages within 6 morphospecies, namely: Eumida sanguinea (22 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units
- MOTUs); Eulalia clavigera (9 MOTUs); Hediste diversicolor (5 MOTUs); Platynereis dumerilii (10 MOTUs);
Perinereis cultrifera (14 MOTUs) and Trypanosyllis zebra (10 MOTUs). In total 70 lineages were
uncovered, of which 43 are unique to this work. Five of these morphospecies have a dedicated chapters
where an integrative approach allowed the description of 13 new species to science and the clarification
of ambiguities regarding previously descriptions. The Macaronesian islands and especially, the western
part of the Mediterranean Sea, are hotspots of cryptic diversity, with a total of 10 and 30 unique lineages
for each region, respectively. Mediterranean MOTUs appear to be genetically closer to the ones from
Macaronesia islands, instead of the NE Atlantic lineages. A total of 2171 new sequences (1012 COI, 307
16S, 320 ITS and 532 28S) were added to the reference libraries (GenBank and BOLD systems) and will
be publicly available upon publication in peer-reviewed journals. Upon minute morphological examination
of the specimens, it become apparent that several lineages with obvious morphological differences have
been overlooked in the literature, being commonly misidentified to the morphologically closer described
species. Morphological stasis was challenged, since it appears that the older the ancestral split resulting
from the different geological event periods, the higher is the probability of finding slight phenotypic
disparities in cryptic lineages, previously thought to be morphological identical. Evidence for this can be
seen in the deep divergence between major phylogenetic clades within some of the analysed species
complex, and the perfect match of each clade to the specific morphological variation (e.g. complexes
within Perinereis, Platynereis and Eulalia). In spite of these contributes, the analyses indicated that only
11% of the existing Phyllodocida species have DNA barcodes publicly available. Naming molecular
lineages which lacked enough specimens with structural integrity, further sampling in subtidal regions
and additional bio-informatic tools to explore the cryptic phenomena from an evolutionary and
phylogeographic point of view is desirable in future works.Técnicas moleculares têm vindo a ser eficazes na sinalização de diversidade oculta em espécies com
uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Nesta tese, membros dos Phyllodocida coletados ao longo das costas
europeias foram utilizados como um táxon modelo para investigar espécies crípticas, usando uma
combinação de dados moleculares multi-locus (mtCOI-5P, rRNA16S, regiões ITS e rRNA28S),
morfológicos e morfométricos. Este estudo identificou um grande número de linhagens crípticas não
descritas em 6 morfo-espécies distintas: Eumida sanguinea (22 Unidades moleculares taxonómicas
operacionais - MOTUs); Eulalia clavigera (9 MOTUs); Hediste diversicolor (5 MOTUs); Platynereis dumerilii
(10 MOTUs); Perinereis cultrifera (14 MOTUs) e Trypanosyllis zebra (10 MOTUs). No total, foram
descobertas 70 linhagens, das quais 43 aparentam ser exclusivas deste trabalho. Cinco dessas morfo espécies têm nesta tese um capítulo dedicado, onde uma abordagem integrativa permitiu a descrição de
13 novas espécies para a ciência e a remoção de ambiguidades em relação a descrições anteriores. As
ilhas da Macaronésia e a parte ocidental do Mar Mediterrâneo, são hotspots de especiação críptica,
tendo-se encontrado um total de 10 e 30 linhagens únicas para cada região, respetivamente. MOTUs
mediterrâneos aparentam ser geneticamente mais próximos das ilhas da Macaronésia, com as linhagens
do Nordeste Atlântico aparentando ser mais distantes. Um total de 2171 novas sequencias (1012 COI,
307 16S, 320 ITS e 532 28S) foram adicionadas às bibliotecas de referência (GenBank e BOLD) e
estarão disponíveis publicamente após publicação. Ao examinar mais detalhadamente o grau real de
semelhança morfológica entre algumas destas supostas linhagens crípticas, fica claro que um numero
considerável possui diferenças morfológicas que foram negligenciadas e erroneamente identificadas. A
estase morfológica foi desafiada, uma vez que parece que quanto mais antiga a divisão ancestral
resultante dos diferentes períodos geológicos, maior é a probabilidade de encontrar pequenas
disparidades fenotípicas em linhagens que inicialmente aparentavam ser morfologicamente idênticas. A
evidência disso pode ser vista na divergência profunda entre os principais clados filogenéticos em alguns
dos complexos aqui analisados e a combinação perfeita de cada clado com uma variação morfológica
específica (por exemplo, nos complexos Perinereis, Platynereis e Eulalia). Além do mais, verificou-se
neste estudo que apenas 11% das espécies existentes na ordem dos Phyllodocida têm códigos de barra
de ADN disponíveis ao público. Linhagens moleculares por nomear, mais amostragens em regiões
subtidais e ferramentas bioinformáticas adicionais são necessárias para continuar a explorar este
fenômeno críptico do ponto de vista evolutivo e filogeográfico.I am grateful to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for supporting my PhD grant SFRH/BD/131527/2017, hosted by the University of Minho (Portugal), the University of Aveiro (Portugal) and University of Gothenburg (Sweden) in the scope of the PhD programme in Marine Science, Technology and Management (Do*Mar), specialization in Integral Management of the Sea. I also received financial support from the DNAqua-Net STSM grant "Rich and hidden biodiversity not yet barcoded in the Canary archipelago (Spain) as an opportunity to enrich the DNA barcode reference library for European polychaetes", under the EU Cost action CA15219 - Developing new genetic tools for bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems in Europe. The research leading to these results also received partial funding, from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730984, ASSEMBLE Plus project (application n. 8229, 4th CALL, "Crypticism in the marine realm: DNA barcode-based outlook into selected invertebrate taxa of the Eastern Mediterranean"). I would like to thank the project “The NextSea: Next generation monitoring of coastal ecosystems in a scenario of global change” (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000032), supported by NORTE 2020 (Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and the project River2Ocean – Socio-ecological and biotechnological solutions for the conservation and valorisation of aquatic biodiversity in the Minho Region, with the reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000068, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE 2020), for supporting this work. Financial support to Arne Nygren from the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative [http://www.biodiversity.no/Pages/135523] (Cryptic polychaete species in Norwegian waters, knr 49- 13, pnr 70184228), the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative [https://www.artdatabanken.se/en/the-swedish taxonomy-initiative/] (Polychaete species complexes in Swedish waters, dnr 140/07 1.4 and 166/08 1.4), and Kungliga Fysiografiska sällskapet Nilsson-Ehle donationerna [https://www.fysiografen.se/sv/]
Whole-Body Regeneration
This Open Access volume provides a comprehensive overview of the latest tools available to scientists to study the many facets of whole-body regeneration (WBR). The chapters in this book are organized into six parts. Part One provides a historical overview on the study of the WBR phenomena focusing on the primary challenges of this research. Parts Two and Three explore a series of non-vertebrate zoological contexts that provide experimental models for WBR, showing how they can be approached with cellular tools. Parts Four, Five, and Six discuss the future advancements of WBR, reporting about the cutting-edge techniques in genetics and omics used to dissect the underlying mechanisms of WBR, and systems biology approaches to reach a synthetic view of WBR. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and thorough, Whole-Body Regeneration: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers who want to learn more about this important and developing field
Urological Cancer 2020
This Urological Cancer 2020 collection contains a set of multidisciplinary contributions to the extraordinary heterogeneity of tumor mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies of the renal, urinary tract, and prostate cancers, with the intention of offering to interested readers a representative snapshot of the status of urological research
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