MODLEACH: A Variant of LEACH for WSNs

Wireless sensor networks are appearing as an emerging need for mankind. Though, Such networks are still in research phase however, they have high potential to be applied in almost every field of life. Lots of research is done and a lot more is awaiting to be standardized. In this work, cluster based routing in wireless sensor networks is studied precisely. Further, we modify one of the most prominent wireless sensor network's routing protocol "LEACH" as modified LEACH (MODLEACH) by introducing \emph{efficient cluster head replacement scheme} and \emph{dual transmitting power levels}. Our modified LEACH, in comparison with LEACH out performs it using metrics of cluster head formation, through put and network life. Afterwards, hard and soft thresholds are implemented on modified LEACH (MODLEACH) that boast the performance even more. Finally a brief performance analysis of LEACH, Modified LEACH (MODLEACH), MODLEACH with hard threshold (MODLEACHHT) and MODLEACH with soft threshold (MODLEACHST) is undertaken considering metrics of throughput, network life and cluster head replacements.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc

A new method to improve transmission efficiency under multi-link interference situation

An endeavor has been made to expand the transmission productivity and system lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN) by grouping technique utilizing Fuzzy rationale. Here, the cluster head (CH) is chosen dependent on the Fuzzy rationale. Upgrade of lifetime for the nodes working in WSN is a significant issue that should be settled for expanding the framework productivity and execution. The procedure of clustering has discovered huge number of advantages concerning accomplishing framework effectiveness and least vitality utilization. The conventions utilized in a canny WSN should support greatest transmission productivity and give most extreme system lifetime from the used calculation that is actually endeavored to be accomplished through this technique. The first node dead (FND) and the lifetime of the system utilizing the fuzzy logic in the proposed work are contrasted and four different mechanisms. Both FND and lifetime are seen as better in the present work which gives a productive way to deal with WSN

Cluster based Routing Algorithm to Minimize Energy Consumption in WSN

Low energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime are key factors in proposing a wireless sensor network protocol. Clustering or hierarchical methods have been proven to be effective in decreasing the energy consumption. Clustering methods make use of cluster-heads in order to achieve the efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Gridding approach is used in clustering that divides the network layout into grid with nodes falling into the each grid. Cluster-head provides a hierarchy in the network, one between the nodes and cluster-head and second between the cluster-head and the base station. Cluster-heads aims at aggregating the data from sensor nodes and decrease the controlling data in the network. This idea increases the lifetime of the network by decreasing the energy consumed by the nodes. In cluster based routing algorithm with mass-centre approach to minimize energy consumption in WSN, election of the cluster-heads is carried out based on two parameters, one is energy and the other is mass-centre of the sensor nodes. Threshold energy is selected and all the nodes that have the energy levels higher than the threshold energy qualify to be cluster-head. The second factor is the mass-centre of the nodes in which the weight of the node that lies near the centre of the grid is chosen to be the cluster-head for the current round. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150510

A Survey: Hierarchal Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been grown immensely in the past few decades. Researcher had proposed a number of routing protocols for WSN. WSN has two type of architecture layered and cluster architecture. We classify various clustering approaches based on different criterion in section [3]. Hierarchical Clustering protocols discussed in section [4] have extensively been used to achieve network scalability, energy efficiency and network lifetime. In this paper we discuss the challenges in design of WSN, advantages and objectives of clustering, various clustering approaches. We present a detailed survey on proposed clustering routing protocol in WSN literature

Non-Metaheuristic Clustering Algorithms for Energy-Efficient Cooperative Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Study

 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are now considered a vital technology that enables the gathering and distribution of data in various applications, such as environmental monitoring and industrial automation. Nevertheless, the finite energy resources of sensor nodes pose significant obstacles to the long-term viability and effectiveness of these networks. Researchers have developed and studied various non-meta algorithms to improve energy efficiency, data transfer, and network lifespan. These efforts contribute to enhancing cooperative communication modules. This analysis conducts a detailed examination and comparative evaluation of different well-known clustering methods in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), providing significant insights for improving cooperative communication. Our purpose is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the contributions of these algorithms to improving energy efficiency in WSNs. This will be achieved by examining their practical implementations, underlying mathematical principles, strengths, shortcomings, real-world applications, and potential for further improvement

ENERGY BALANCED AND EFFICIENT CLUSTERING METHOD FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

In this paper the energy balanced and efficient clustering method based on balance of energy consumption of nodes in WSN is proposed, which may be applied to any WSN. The almost static centralized protocol that differs from previous methods is proposed, the main feature of which is that the sinks transmit most of control message and process most of data. First, EBEC method is proposed, which optimizes by considering energy consumption on transmitting and receiving data, energy consumption on the reclustering and hot-spot problem that be optimized individually in previous works. In order to implement this method, VW BAK-C algorithm is used by introducing the concept of variable weighted Euclid distance to k-clustering algorithm. Second, the previous clustering methods are classified into random method and the method based on QoS according to the characteristic of cluster head rotation, and average of total energy consumption of nodes is analyzed mathematically. The proposed method is compared and analyzed. Third, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing with other clustering methods through simulation

Mécanismes optimisés de planification des états des capteurs pour la maximisation de la durée de vie dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil.

RÉSUMÉ Depuis leur création, les réseaux de communication sans l ont connu un engouement fulgurant qui ne cesse de croître au sein des communautés scientiques et industrielles. Ainsi, le paradigme sans l a vu naître, au cours de son évolution, diverses architectures dérivées, telles que les réseaux cellulaires, les réseaux locaux sans l, les réseaux WiMax, etc. Durant la dernière décennie, un nouveau type de réseau sans l a suscité un grand intérêt auprès de la communauté scientique, il s'agit des réseaux ad hoc et des réseaux de capteurs sans l (RCSF). Ce nouveau type de réseau se distingue des réseaux sans l classiques par l'absence d'infrastructure (ou structure) préétablie et par la versatilité de ses n÷uds (i.e., ces derniers peuvent s'ajouter au réseau ou en disparaître d'une manière assez aléatoire). Un RCSF est composé d'un ensemble d'unités de traitements embarquées, appelées capteurs, communiquant via des liens sans l et dont la fonction principale est la collecte de paramètres relatifs à l'environnement qui les entoure, telles que la tempé- rature, la pression ou la présence d'objets. Les RCSF trouvent leur application dans diverses activités de la société, tels les processus industriels, les applications militaires de surveillance, l'observation et le suivi d'habitat, etc. À cause de la nature intrinsèque de leur fonctionnalité, les capteurs ont une contrainte principale : leur source d'énergie est limitée et presque jamais renouvelable. Ceci place l'optimisation de l'énergie consommée par les capteurs et la maximisation de la durée de vie des RCSF au centre des dés posés par ces réseaux.----------ABSTRACT Since their creation, wireless communication networks have witnessed a huge success that continues to grow in scientic and industrial communities. During its evolution the wireless paradigm has given birth to various derivative architectures, such as cellular, WiMax and wireless local area networks. During the last decade, a new type of wireless networks has stirred up great interest within the scientic community ; it consists in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). This new type of networks diers from conventional wireless networks by the absence of predetermined infrastructure (or structure) and by the versatileness of its nodes (i.e., any node can join the network or leave it in a pretty random manner). A WSN consists of a set of embedded processing units, called sensors, communicating via wireless links, whose main function is the collection of parameters related to the surrounding environment, such as temperature, pressure or the presence/motion of objects. WSN are expected to have many applications in various elds, such as industrial processes, military surveillance, observation and monitoring of habitat, etc. Because of the intrinsic nature of their intended applications, sensors have a major constraint : their energy source is usually limited and hardly renewable. This turns energy optimization and network lifetime maximization in WSN into real challenges. In this thesis, we address the problem of maximizing the network lifetime of WSN through optimal sensor state planning, with a view to minimizing the total dissipated energy while ensuring a fair balance of energy consumption over all sensors. This involves such techniques as cluster formation and switch-o of some sensors, while conforming to the application-related constraints, such as total coverage of the area monitored by the sensors and the presence of a routing topology composed of cluster heads

Gestion de la qualité de service et planification optimale de réseaux de capteurs multimédia sans fil

RÉSUMÉ Un RCSF est constitué d'un certain nombre d'entités (capteurs) géographiquement dispersées, de taille réduite, avec une autonomie et une puissance de traitement réduites. Ces dispositifs sont utilisés pour réaliser, de manière indépendante, des tâches comme la surveillance, le contrôle de processus industriel, etc. Les avancées en microélectronique ont conduit à l'émergence des petites caméras (type CMOS) et microphones accessibles. Ces capteurs audio-visuels peuvent être intégrés dans un RCSF pour former des RCMSF. Dans certains types d'applications, comme la surveillance des frontières, un grand nombre de ce type de capteurs est susceptible d'être déployés, sur de vastes terrains. Un volume considérable de flux audio-visuel (en plus des données) doit être transmis au centre de contrôle (le collecteur, ou SINK) pour analyse et prise de décision. Il y a donc un besoin important en termes de bande passante, avec surtout une forte contrainte en termes de délai de transmission et d'autres paramètres de RCSF. Des solutions pour le routage d'information ont été développées pour des RCSF, mais ces protocoles n'ont pas pris en compte la génération à grande échelle des données multimédia, elles sont par conséquent inadaptées aux RCMSF. Les capteurs typiquement sont omnidirectionnels, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont capables de capter des signaux qui proviennent de toutes les directions autour d'eux. Les capteurs multimédia, en particulier les capteurs de vidéo, sont de type directionnel. Pour ce type de capteurs, l'aire de captage est limitée à un secteur donné d'un plan tridimensionnel. Malheureusement, les modèles mathématiques développés pour le placement des RCMSF conventionnels ne peuvent pas être appliqués dans le cadre de la configuration et de la planification des réseaux de capteurs directionnels. De nouveaux modèles d'optimisation sont donc nécessaires pour la capture des principaux paramètres caractérisant les capteurs directionnels. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons donc les problèmes clés suivants: le routage des données hétérogènes (scalaires et multimédia) pour les nœuds d'un RCMSF afin d'assurer une meilleure QdS aux usagers; et le déploiement optimisé de capteurs directionnels d'un RCMSF dans un espace tridimensionnel dont le but est couvrir un ensemble de points d'intérêts définis dans tel espace. Notre thèse se compose de trois articles scientifiques, chacun traitant d'une problématique bien spécifique. Le premier article traite du problème du routage d'information pour les RCMSF basé sur la QdS. Nous proposons un nouveau protocole, AntSensNet, basé sur l'heuristique de la colonie de fourmis, qui utilise plusieurs métriques de QdS pour trouver de bonnes routes pour les données multimédia et l'information scalaire. Dans la pratique, le protocole établit d'abord une structure hiérarchique sur le réseau avant de choisir les chemins appropriés pour répondre aux diverses exigences de QdS des différents types de trafic qui circulent dans le réseau. Ceci permet de maximiser l'utilisation des ressources du réseau, tout en améliorant la performance de la transmission de l'information. En outre, AntSensNet est capable d'utiliser un mécanisme efficace d'ordonnancement de paquets et de multiples chemins afin d'obtenir la distorsion minimale au moment où une application fait la transmission de la vidéo dans le réseau. Dans le deuxième article nous continuons avec le sujet de la QdS dans le RCMSFs et, plus spécifiquement, nous abordons la problématique du contrôle d'admission pour ce type de réseau. Grâce au contrôle d'admission, il est possible de déterminer si un réseau est capable de supporter un nouveau flot de données. S'il n'y a pas de contrôle d'admission dans un RCMSF, le performance du réseau sera compromis car les ressources existantes dans le réseau ne seront pas assez pour tous les flots acceptés et cela entraînera beaucoup de problèmes comme la perte de paquets des flots. Nous proposons un nouveau schéma de contrôle d'admission de nouveaux flots multimédia pour un RCMSF. Le système proposé est en mesure de déterminer si un flot de données puisse être admis dans le réseau, compte tenu de l'état actuel des liaisons de communications et l'énergie des nœuds. La décision sur l'acceptation est prise de manière distribuée, sans utiliser une entité centrale. De plus, notre schéma se présente comme un plug-in, et est adaptable à d'éventuels protocoles de routage et MAC utilisés pour la transmission de données dans les RCMSF. Nos résultats de simulation montrent l'efficacité de notre approche pour répondre aux exigences de QdS des nouveaux flots de données. Finalement, notre troisième article traite du problème du déploiement optimal des capteurs multimédia dans un espace 3D. Tel que mentionné ci-dessus, la plupart des capteurs multimédia sont du type directionnel. De surcroît, ces capteurs sont plus coûteux et plus spécialisés que les capteurs scalaires. En conséquence, les déploiements aléatoires, qui sont typiques pour les capteurs scalaires, ne sont ni souhaitables ni adéquats pour les capteurs multimédia. A cet effet, nous proposons un modèle optimal de déploiement 3D de capteurs directionnels. Ce modèle vise à déterminer le nombre minimum de capteurs directionnels connectés, leur emplacement et leur configuration, qui sont nécessaires pour couvrir un ensemble de points de contrôle dans un espace 3D donné. La configuration de chaque capteur déployé est déterminée par trois paramètres : la plage de détection, le champ de vision (FoV) et l'orientation. Nous présentons une formulation « Integer Linear Programming » (ILP) pour trouver la solution exacte du problème et aussi, un algorithme glouton capable de trouver une solution approximative (mais efficace) du problème. Nous évaluons également différentes propriétés des solutions proposées par le biais de nombreuses simulations. Avec ces trois articles on a réussi à résoudre, d'une façon à la fois innovatrice et pratique, les problèmes de routage basé sur la QdS pour les RCMSF et le déploiement de capteurs directionnels, qui sont l'objectif principal de notre recherche.----------ABSTRACT A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a set of embedded processing units, called sensors, communicating via wireless links, whose main function is the collection of parameters related to the surrounding environment, such as temperature, pressure or the presence/motion of objects. WSN are expected to have many applications in various fields, such as industrial processes, military surveillance, observation and monitoring of habitat, etc. The availability of inexpensive hardware such as CMOS cameras and microphones that are able to ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the environment has fostered the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), i.e., networks of wirelessly interconnected devices that allow retrieving video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data. In addition to the ability to retrieve multimedia data, WMSNs will be able to store, process in real time, correlate and fuse multimedia data originated from heterogeneous sources, and perform actions on the environment based on the content gathered. Many applications require the sensor network paradigm to be rethought in view of the need for mechanisms to deliver multimedia content with a certain level of quality of service (QoS). Due to high bandwidth, processing and stringent Qos requirements existing solutions are not feasible for WMSNs. Since the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven most of the research in sensor networks so far, there is a need to create mechanisms to efficiently deliver application-level QoS, and to map these requirements to network-layer metrics such as latency or delay. Additionally, in WSNs, an omnidirectional sensing model is often assumed where each sensor can equally detect its environment in each direction. Instead, multimedia sensors, specially video sensor, are directional sensors. A directional sensor is characterized by its sensing region which can be viewed as a sector in a three-dimensional plane. Therefore, it can only choose one active sector (or direction) at any time instant. Unfortunately, the many methods developed for deploying traditional WSNs cannot directly be used for optimizing and configuring directional WMSNs due to the different parameters involved. Therefore, new optimization models which capture the primary parameters characterizing directional sensors are necessary. The issues aforementioned are crucial challenges for the development of WMSNs. In this thesis, we are interested in the following aspects: routing of heterogeneous data (scalar and multimedia) from the nodes of a WMSN to the sink in order to provide better QoS experience to users; and an optimized deployment of directional sensors of a WMSN in a three-dimensional surface with the objective to cover all the control points as defined in such a space. Our thesis runs through three scientific papers, each addressing a specific problem. In our first paper, we address the problem of data routing based on different QoS metrics in a WMSN. We propose a new protocol AntSensNet, based on the traditional ant-based algorithm. The AntSensNet protocol builds a hierarchical structure on the network before choosing suitable paths to meet various QoS requirements from different kinds of traffic, thus maximizing network utilization, while improving its performance. In addition, AntSensNet is able to use a efficient multipath video packet scheduling in order to get minimum video distortion transmission. In the second paper, we address the problem of connection admission control for WMSNs. With admission control, it is possible to determine whether a network is capable of supporting a new data stream. Without admission control in a WMSN, the network performance will be compromised because the existing resources within the network cannot be enough for all the flows accepted and this will cause many problems such as packet loss and congestion. Taking multiple parameters into account, we propose a novel connection admission control scheme for the multimedia traffic circulating in the network. The proposed scheme is able to determine if a new flow can be admitted in the network considering the current link states and the energy of the nodes. The decision about accepting is taken in a distributed way, without trusting in a central entity to take this decision. In addition, our scheme works like a plug-in, being easily adaptable to any routing and MAC protocols. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of our approach to satisfy QoS requirements of flows and achieve fair bandwidth utilization and low jitter. Finally, in the third paper, we address the problem of optimal deployment of directional sensors in a 3D space. We have already mentioned that conventional methods to deploy omnidirectional sensors are not suitable to deploy directional sensors. To remedy this deficiency, we propose a mathematical model which aims at to determine the minimum number of connected directional multimedia sensor nodes and their configuration, needed to cover a set of control points in a given 3D space. The configuration of each deployed sensor is determined by three parameters: sensing range, field of view and orientation. We present the exact ILP formulation for the problem and an approximate (but computationally efficient) greedy algorithm solution. We also evaluate different properties of the proposed solutions through extensive simulations. Overall, the proposed solutions in this thesis are both innovative and practical. With these three papers, we have been successfully resolved the problems of a QoS-based routing protocol for WMSN and an optimal deployment of directional sensors in a 3D space, which are the components of the main objective of this thesis