Portable heatable container

A container is provided which can be designed to heat its outer surface to sterilize it, or to heat its inner surface and any contents therewithin. In a container that self sterilizes its outer surface, the container includes a combustible layer of thermite-type pyrotechnic material which can be ignited to generate considerable heat, and a thin casing around the combustible layer which is of highly thermally conductive materials such as aluminum which can be heated to a high temperature by the ignited combustible layer. A buffer layer which may be of metal, lies within the combustible layer, and a layer of insulation such as Teflon lies within the buffer layer to insulate the contents of the container from the heat

Combuster

A combuster is provided for utilizing a combustible mixture containing fuel and air, to heat a load fluid such as water or air, in a manner that minimizes the formation of nitrogen oxide. The combustible mixture passes through a small diameter tube where the mixture is heated to its combustion temperature, while the load fluid flows past the outside of the tube to receive heat. The tube is of a diameter small enough that the combustible mixture cannot form a flame, and yet is not subject to wall quench, so that combustion occurs, but at a temperature less than under free flame conditions. Most of the heat required for heating the combustible mixture to its combustion temperature, is obtained from heat flow through the walls of the pipe to the mixture

PENENTUAN NILAI KALOR HIGH HEATING VALUE (HHV) DAN LOW HEATING VALUE (LHV) DARI MATERIAL SAMPAH COMBUSTIBLE ZONA AKTIF II TPA JATIBARANG SEMARANG

Abstrak Peningkatan jumlah penduduk berdampak pada tingginya kebutuhan energi. Sehingga, sumber daya yang tersedia juga semakin berkurang dan perlu digantikan dengan sumber energi yang baru. Konsep waste to energy (WTE) dapat dijadikan alternatif untuk mengubah sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF (refuse derived fuel). Sampah organik dan plastik sangat berpotensi dijadikan sebagai bahan baku RDF karena sifatnya yang mudah terbakar (combustible). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kedalaman dan material sampah dengan karakteristik material sampah combustible, serta menentukan nilai kalor HHV dan LHV berdasarkan kedalaman sampah dan material combustible zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang untuk melihat potensinya sebagai bahan baku RDF. Metode yang digunakan adalah random sampling. Material sampah yang digunakan pada penelitian ini bersasal dari kedalaman 0-1 m; 1-2 m; 2 dan 2-3 m. Pemanfaatan sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF dilakukan dengan cara menganalisis nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dari material sampah combustible tersebut. Nilai kalor terbagi menjadi High Heating Value (HHV) and Low Heating Value (LHV). Untuk menganalisis nilai kalor yang terdapat pada material sampah combustible pada zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan pengujian proximate, ultimate dan termokimia dengan menggunakan alat bom kalorimeter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampah zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang memiliki nilai kalor yang berbeda pada setiap metode analisa yang dipengaruhi oleh oleh variasi kedalaman, jenis sampah dan ukuran partikel sampah. Pada uji proximate, nilai kalor berada di kisaran angka 1000 kkal/Kg. Pada uji ultimate nilai kalor berada pada kisaran 1.441,16 – 10.355,54 kkal/kg. Pada bom kalorimeter nilai kalor berada pada kisaran 5.000 kkal/kg. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa potensi sampah zona aktif II TPA Jatibarang untuk diolah menjadi RDF sangat besar. Kata kunci: sampah combustible, landfill, waste to energy, RDF (refused-derived fuel). Abstract The growth of population increases the amount of energy demand. However, the available resources are decreasing and it need to be replaced by a new energy resouce. The concept of waste to energy (WTE) can be an alternative to convert waste into raw RDF (refuse derived fuel) material. Especially for organic and plastic as combustible waste is very potential to be raw of RDF Materials. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between depth and material of waste and material characteristics of combustible waste, also to determine the HHV and LHV calor value according to the depth of waste and combustible material in Jatibarang landfill active zone II to see the potential as RDF raw material. Random sampling is a method that used for this research. The waste material required for this research is taken from the depth of 0-1 m; 1-2 m; 2 and 2-3 m. The utilization of waste into raw RDF materials by analyzing the heating value produced from the combustible raw material. Then the heating value devided into High Heating Value (HHV) and Low Heating Value (LHV). To analyze the heat value contained in combustible waste material in active zone II Jatibarang landfill can be done by testing proximate, ultimate and thermochemical with bomb calorimeter. The results showed that the waste of active zone II Jatibarang Landfill had different calorific values on each analysis was also influenced by the depth variation, the type of waste and the type size of the waste particles. In the proximate analysis, the calorific value is in the range of 1000 kcal / kg. In the ultimate analysis the heating value is in the range of 1.441,16 – 10.355,54 kcal / kg. In the calorimeter bomb, the heating value is in the range of 5,000 kcal / kg. This shows that active zone II Jatibarang Landfill has a great potential to be processed into RDF. Keywords: combustible waste, landfill, waste to energy, RDF (refused-derived fuel)

The development of an electrochemical technique for in situ calibrating of combustible gas detectors

A program to determine the feasibility of performing in situ calibration of combustible gas detectors was successfully completed. Several possible techniques for performing the in situ calibration were proposed. The approach that showed the most promise involved the use of a miniature water vapor electrolysis cell for the generation of hydrogen within the flame arrestor of a combustible gas detector to be used for the purpose of calibrating the combustible gas detectors. A preliminary breadboard of the in situ calibration hardware was designed, fabricated and assembled. The breadboard equipment consisted of a commercially available combustible gas detector, modified to incorporate a water vapor electrolysis cell, and the instrumentation required for controlling the water vapor electrolysis and controlling and calibrating the combustible gas detector. The results showed that operation of the water vapor electrolysis at a given current density for a specific time period resulted in the attainment of a hydrogen concentration plateau within the flame arrestor of the combustible gas detector

Combustion at reduced gravitational conditions

The theoretical structures needed for the predictive analyses and interpretations for flame propagation and extinction for clouds of porous particulates are presented. Related combustion theories of significance to reduced gravitational studies of combustible media are presented. Nonadiabatic boundaries are required for both autoignition theory and for extinction theory. Processes that were considered include, pyrolysis and vaporization of particulates, heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical kinetics, molecular transport of heat and mass, radiative coupling of the medium to its environment, and radiative coupling among particles and volume elements of the combustible medium

ENDS DEVICE TYPES AND SUBSEQUENT USE OF COMBUSTIBLE TOBACCO PRODUCTS AMONG TEXAS YOUTH

The aims of the study were to determine whether ENDS device types (i.e., disposable devices, replaceable cartridges, and refillables) at initial, or first ENDS use is longitudinally associated with subsequent initiation of combustible tobacco products (cigarettes, hookah, cigars) and continued, past 30-day use of combustible and ENDS products. This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance system (TATAMS) study, a longitudinal cohort study of students who were in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades (n = 3907) during the 2014-2015 academic year. Data were collected every 6 months, from 2014-2018. Using data from all 8 waves of the study, descriptive statistics were computed for initial ENDS device type (disposables, cartridges, and refillables), initial and past 30-day use of combustible tobacco products (subsequent to ENDS use), and past 30-day ENDS use (among ever ENDS users). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were computed to assess the likelihood of (a) initiation of combustible tobacco products in subsequent waves, (b) continued use of combustible tobacco products (past 30-day use) and (c) continued use of ENDS products (past 30-day use) in the same or subsequent waves, by initial ENDS device type. After adjusting for the sociodemographic variables, compared to participants initiating with Refillables, participants initiating ENDS use with Cartridges and Disposables were 58% (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.18 – 0.98; p = 0.05) and 53% (AOR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.21-1.07; p = 0.07) less likely to initiate combustible tobacco use in a subsequent wave. Compared to participants initiating with Disposables, participants initiating ENDS use with Cartridges were 12% (AOR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.32 – 2.50; p = 0.89) less likely to initiate combustible tobacco use in a subsequent wave. Compared to participants initiating with Disposables, participants initiating ENDS use with Cartridges were 12% (AOR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.21 – 3.68; p = 0.86) less likely to have reported combustible tobacco use in the past 30-days. Compared to participants initiating with Disposables, participants initiating ENDS use with Cartridges were 62% (AOR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16 – 0.92; p = 0.03) less likely to have reported ENDS use in the past 30-days. The study provides an insight into the impact device types can have on future smoking behavior and the implication it can have on policy and regulation

Wide-area remote-sensing system of pollution and gas dispersal by near-infrared absorption based on low-loss optical fiber network

An all optical remote sensing system utilizing long distance, ultralow loss optical fiber networks is studied and discussed for near infrared absorption measurements of combustible and/or explosive gases such as CH4 and C3H8 in our environment, including experimental results achieved in a diameter more than 20 km. The use of a near infrared wavelength range is emphasized

Pulsed energy power system Patent

Pulsed energy power system for application of combustible gases to turbine controlling ac voltage generato